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1、Translation Practice and Gains from It 学生姓名：刘玲玲 二学位班级：27班 主修学校：武汉理工大学 指导教师：翻译心得与翻译实践摘要“汽油喷射发动机”是一篇科技类的说明文，文中提到汽油喷射发动机主要有机械式和电子喷射式两种，本文主要介绍了一种L型的电子控制汽油喷射发动机的组成和各部分的工作原理。“The Post-alcohol Word”也是一篇科普文章，它讲到了生物燃料的回归背景、回归方法以及回归前景。两篇文章的内容我都很感兴趣，作为汽车学院热能与动力专业的学生，我对汽车方面的知识有更多的了解，因此在翻译汽车方面的专有名词时我会轻松一些。在整个翻译过
2、程中，我一直在实践学到的翻译技巧：增译法、重译法、减译法、词序转换法、长句拆译法、语态变化法、直译、意译等等。在处理复杂的长句子时，一开始我会有倦怠情绪，但是拆开以后，我发现也没有想象中的那么困难。虽然有些地方我仍然无法准确的理解，但是总体来说整个翻译过程还是比较顺利的。我知道想要提高自己的翻译水平还要付出很多的努力。我不仅需要更多的了解英语方面的知识，而且也要尽量提高自己的中文水平，只有这样才能保证既能准确理解原文，又能准确地将之翻译出来。这次翻译实践我的收获很大，熟能生巧，只要坚持练习，我相信我的翻译水平会有所进步的。关键词：翻译技巧 翻译实践 句子处理 收获Abstract“Fuel I
3、njection Engine” is a scientific article. It mentions that there are two kinds of fuel injection enginemechanical fuel injection engine and electronic control fuel injection engine. This paper mainly discusses one L-type electronic control fuel injection engine about its components and the ways in w
4、hich they work. “The Post-alcohol Word” is also a scientific article. It discusses the coming back of the biofuel, its background, methods and future. Im interested in both of them. As a student majoring in Thermal Energy and Power Engineering in School of Automobile, I have a good knowledge of vehi
5、cles. Its comparably easier for me to translate Auto terms. In the whole process, I have always been using the translation skills learned in the classamplification, repetition, omission, inversion, division, the changes of voices, literal translation and free translation etc. At first I was with wea
6、riness emotion when dealing with long, complex sentences. But after dividing them into lots of small parts, I found it not that difficult any more. Although I still cant understand some parts of the article accurately, the whole process is smooth.I know I need take more efforts to improve my transla
7、tion competence. I should get more knowledge of English language as well as Chinese culture. Only in this way can I accurately understand and translate articles.I have gained a lot from this work. Practice makes perfect. I know Ill get improvement in my translation skills if I keep practicing.Key wo
8、rds: Translation skills translation practices sentences dealing gainsContents摘要iAbstractii1 Description of the Material for Translation12 The Use of Translation Methods32.1 Using Amplification Translation32.2 Using Omission Translation32.3 Using Repetition Translation32.4 Using Division Translation4
9、2.5 Using the Changes of Voices Translation42.6 Using Conversion Translation52.7 Using Literal Translation52.8 Using Free Translation53 Sentences Dealing63.1 Dealing with Long Sentences63.2 Dealing with Short Sentences64 Gains from Translation75 Conclusion8Bibliography81 Description of the Material
10、for Translation“The post-alcohol world” tells that: Biofuel are back. The original 1970s appeal of biofuel was the opportunity to stick up a finger or two to the oil sheikhs. Over time, the opportunity to fight global warming added to the original energy-security appeal. Make petrol out of plants is
11、 a sufficiently clever way.Sadly, the output fuel was not petrol. Instead, it was ethanol, which stores less energy per litre, tends to absorb water and is corrosive. Thus they plan to make hydrocarbons instead of ethanol. These will be “drop-in” fuels. Appropriately designed drop-in fuels can subst
12、itute for diesel and aviation fuel, which ethanol cannot. If this approach works, it will not only be beneficial in its own rightmodestly reducing greenhouse-gas emissions while making money for its investorsit will also provide a lasting market incentive to scientists to devise better ways of turni
13、ng cellulose into sugar. The drop-in firms are starting to come out of the laboratory, float themselves on the stock market, team up with oil companies and build their first factories. Gevo, of Englewood, Colorado, is planning to make another type of post-ethanol fuel: butanol, which has four carbon
14、 atoms in its molecules, whereas ethanol has two. That gives butanol more energy for a given mass and makes it more alkane-like in its properties; nor does it absorb water as readily as ethanol. Moreover, the production process for butanol is more efficient than the processes that produce alkanes.Ma
15、king cellulose into sugar is technically possible, and many firms are working on that possibility. Where does the cellulose come from? The answer is likely to be grass. If the price were right, such energy crops might take America a fair bit of the way to the “energy independence” that early prosely
16、tisers for biofuel crowed about. Such a future, though, depends on cars continuing to be powered by liquid fuels. Over the long run, the future for biofuel may be looking up.“Fuel Injection Engine” tells that : Compared with carburetor engine, the evident advantage of fuel injection engine is that i
17、t can accurately control the quality of the mixture. Thus it ensures complete combustion of the fuel inside the cylinder and reduces the exhaust emission as well as fuel consumption. At the same time it increases engines volumetric efficiency as well as engines power and torque. The drawback is that
18、 its more expensive .Whats more, once broken down, its difficult to repair.Fuel injection is typed into two kinds : mechanical fuel injection and electronic control fuel injection .Any kind of electronic control fuel injection device is composed of fuel injection circuit, the sensor group and the el
19、ectronic control unit (microcomputer) idle equipment, exhaust gas recirculation control device etc. According to the air induction method, electronic control gasoline injection device is divided into two types .One is flow-sensor electronic control fuel injection device (L-type), which controls the
20、fuel injection quantity by sensing the flow of air in the intake manifold .The other one is the pressure-sensor electronic control fuel injection device (D-type), which controls fuel injection quantity by sensing the pressure of air in the intake manifold. The L-type is widely used.Both are scientif
21、ic articles, thus therere lots of terms especially in “The post-alcohol world”. Those original phrases are hard for me to understand, for example: “stick up a finger or two”, “the dice are rolling”, “think big” etc. Sometimes its hard for me to understand thus I cant translate all of them exactly.2
22、The Use of Translation MethodsIn the process of translation, I mainly used methods as follows: amplification, repetition, omission, inversion, division, the changes of voices, literal translation and free translation etc. Ill list some examples.2.1 Using Amplification Translationeg.1 “汽油喷射发动机与化油器式发动
23、机相比，突出的优点是能准确控制混合气的质量，保证气缸内的燃料燃烧完全，使废气排放物和燃油消耗都能够降得下来。”is translated as “Compared with carburetor engine, the evident advantage of fuel injection engine is that it can accurately control the quality of the mixture. Thus it ensures complete combustion of the fuel inside the cylinder and reduces the e
24、xhaust emission as well as fuel consumption.”eg.2 “电脑件只能整件更换”is translated as “the computer components cannot be repaired but be changed for another one”.eg.1 increases pronoun “it” in the translation while eg.2 increases “the”, “cannot be repaired”, “for another one” to match the expression habit i
25、n Chinese language.2.2 Using Omission Translationeg.3 “同时它还提高了发动机的充气效率，增加了发动机的功率和扭矩。” is translated as “At the same time it increases engines volumetric efficiency as well as engines power and torque.”eg.4 “汽油喷射型式分为机械式和电子控制式两种。机械式汽油喷射装置是一种以机械液力控制的喷射技术” is translated as “mechanical fuel injection and
26、 electronic control fuel injection .The former one controls the injection by mechanical hydraulic technology”.eg.3 merges “提高”, “增加” as “increase” while eg.4 uses “The former one” to replace “机械式汽油喷射装置”, making them faithful and authentic.2.3 Using Repetition Translationeg.5 “Hardly a revolutionary
27、business strategy, but one that the American biofuel industry has, to date, eschewed.” is translated as “这几乎算不上什么具有创新性的商业战略而是美国生物燃料业到目前为止一直回避的一个战略。”eg.6 “First, the fuel was not petrol. Instead, it was ethanol, which stores less energy per litre, tends to absorb water and is corrosive.” is translate
28、d as “首先，得到的燃料不是汽油而是乙醇，乙醇的单位储能比汽油少，而且乙醇还吸水，具有腐蚀性。”Both eg.5 and eg.6 use repetition. In this way, even Chinese readers would not misunderstand its meaning.2.4 Using Division Translationeg.7 “In April Codexis became the first start-up involved in drop-in fuels to float itself on a stock marketwhich i
29、n this case was NASDAQ, Americas main market for high-tech stocks.” is translated as “四月份Codexis成为首家以完全替代型生物燃料起家并在纳斯达克上市的公司。纳斯达克是美国高科技股票交易的主要市场。”eg.8 “汽油喷射发动机与化油器式发动机相比，突出的优点是能准确控制混合气的质量，保证气缸内的燃料燃烧完全，使废气排放物和燃油消耗都能够降得下来，同时它还提高了发动机的充气效率，增加了发动机的功率和扭矩。”is translated as “Compared with carburetor engine,
30、the evident advantage of fuel injection engine is that it can accurately control the quality of the mixture. Thus it ensures complete combustion of the fuel inside the cylinder and reduces the exhaust emission as well as fuel consumption. At the same time it increases engines volumetric efficiency a
31、s well as engines power and torque. ”eg.7 and eg.8 both divide the long sentence into smaller ones and accurately express the original meaning and at the same time make the sentence easier to understand.2.5 Using the Changes of Voices Translationeg.9 “Boosters claimed that cellulose, from which the
32、stalks, leaves and wood of plants are made, could if suitably treated become a substitute for the starch in corn.” is translated as “热心的支持者们宣称组成植物茎秆叶的纤维素，如果处理得当的话可以替代玉米中的淀粉。” 用汉语的被动语态的表达习惯加以变通。eg.10 “汽油喷射型式分为机械式和电子控制式两种” is translated as “Fuel injection is typed into two kinds :mechanical fuel injec
33、tion and electronic control fuel injection” eg.9 and eg.10 both use the Changes of Voices Translation, distinguishing the Expression habit in Chinese language with English language .2.6 Using Conversion Translationeg.11“If they can do so reliably, and on a large scale, biofuel may have a lot more su
34、ccess in freeing the world from fossil fuels than they have had until now.” is translated as “如果他们真有把握而且能做成一个大的规模的话，生物燃料或许能前所未有地帮助世界从石油燃料中解脱出来。” eg.12 “整个L型电子控制汽油喷射装置有3个部分组成：供油部分、供气部分和控制部分。” is translated as “The L-type electronic control fuel injection device has three components: one part to suppl
35、y oil, one part to supply air and one part to control the process.” eg.11 changes the prepositional phrase into a verb phrase while eg.12 changes Noun phrases into verb-object structure nouns.2.7 Using Literal Translationeg.13 “post-alcohol” is translated as “后乙醇”. eg.14 “油路由电动油泵，燃油滤清器，油压调节器，喷射器等组成”
36、 is translated as “ Fuel injection circuit is composed of electric fuel injection pump, fuel filter, oil pressure regulator and injectors etc.” 2.8 Using Free Translationeg.15 “The post-alcohol world” is translated as “后乙醇时代”.eg.16 “the future for biofuel may be looking up” is translated as “生物燃料的前景
37、可观”.3 Sentences Dealing3.1 Dealing with Long Sentenceseg.17 “汽油喷射发动机与化油器式发动机相比，突出的优点是能准确控制混合气的质量，保证气缸内的燃料燃烧完全，使废气排放物和燃油消耗都能够降得下来，同时它还提高了发动机的充气效率，增加了发动机的功率和扭矩。”is translated as “Compared with carburetor engine, the evident advantage of fuel injection engine is that it can accurately control the quali
38、ty of the mixture. Thus it ensures complete combustion of the fuel inside the cylinder and reduces the exhaust emission as well as fuel consumption. At the same time it increases engines volumetric efficiency as well as engines power and torque.”eg.18 “从60年代起，随着汽车数量的日益增多，汽车废气排放物与燃油消耗量的不断上升困扰着人们，迫使人们
39、去寻找一种能使汽车排气净化，节约燃料的新技术装置去取替已有几十年历史的化油器，汽油喷射技术的发明和应用，使人们这一理想能以实现。”is translated as “From the 1960s, with the increasing number of cars , the amount of cars exhaust emissions and fuel consumption is rising which bothers people, forcing people to find a way for automobile exhaust purification and fuel
40、economy. Thats a new device which will replace the decades-old carburetor. The invention and application of the fuel injection technology make this dream come true.”eg.17 uses inversion , division, amplification, conversion etc. while eg.18 uses literal translation, inversion, division etc. to trans
41、late the long sentences, making them easier to read and understand.3.2 Dealing with Short Sentenceseg.18 “The dice, in other words, are rolling.” is translated as “换句话说，游戏已经开始了。”eg.19 “Grassed up” is translated as “草本植物出马”.Both examples use free translation with the contextual meaning.4 Gains from T
42、ranslationAfter finishing the translation of two scientific articles with each one has about three thousand words, I have deepened the understanding of the translation. All translation has two Indispensable steps: correct understanding and accurate translation. To meet the target of correct understa
43、nding, we should read the whole passage carefully and fully understand its meaning before we begin to translate. “Each word when used in a new context is a new word”, we must understand each word with special context. We can consult a dictionary or search the Internet for help as well. Sometimes we
44、need to read some background materials of the passage, thus helping us to understand the passage better. To meet the target of accurate translation, we should have a good knowledge of the target language and bear in mind of some translation methods. Sometimes we can get some support from machine tra
45、nslation and compare them with those translated by ourselves. After that we should pay attention to appropriate expression. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of
46、style.” To get appropriate translation is not that easy. We can only practice more to make perfect.Translation skills are coming from practice. No skills can be learned without practicing, neither does translation skills. But we can surely get some improvement from a lot of translation practice. The
47、re is no end of learning to be a good translator.Above all, I have got a lot during the translation practice.5 ConclusionIn the translation process, I use a lot of translation skills, such as amplification, repetition, omission, inversion, division, the changes of voices, literal translation and fre
48、e translation etc. At the beginning they are only terms to me and I can hardly distinguish repetition from amplification. But in the translation process, to get smooth and appropriate expression, I involuntarily use those skills, which demonstrates that “skills are coming from practice and severing the practice.”Of course, I have met a lot of difficulties. Sometimes I cannot understand the original English expression, sometimes its hard for me to summarize skills used in the translation process, especially