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1、Copyright Allyn continuous slate” view; continuous developmentdevelopment 18th Century18th CenturyJean-Jacques Rousseau “noble Jean-Jacques Rousseau “noble savages” view; natural maturationsavages” view; natural maturation Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Scientific
2、Study of Development Evolutionary Evolutionary TheoryTheory Darwins ideas of natural selection Darwins ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest are still and survival of the fittest are still influential.influential. Normative Normative ApproachApproach Hall & Gesell: Age-related Hall
3、& Gesell: Age-related averages based on measurements averages based on measurements of large numbers of childrenof large numbers of children Mental Mental Testing Testing MovementMovement Binet & Simon: Early developers of Binet & Simon: Early developers of intelligence testsintelligence tests Copyr
4、ight 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Freuds Three Parts of the Personality IdId n n Largest portion of the mindLargest portion of the mind n n Unconscious, present at birthUnconscious, present at birth n n Source of biological needs & desiresSource of biological needs & desires Ego
5、Ego n n Conscious, rational part of mindConscious, rational part of mind n n Emerges in early infancyEmerges in early infancy n n Redirects id impulses acceptablyRedirects id impulses acceptably SuperegoSuperego n n The conscienceThe conscience n n Develops from ages 3 to 6, from Develops from ages
6、3 to 6, from interactions with caregiversinteractions with caregivers Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Eriksons Psychosocial Stages Basic trust Basic trust v. mistrustv. mistrust Birth1 yearBirth1 year Identity v. role Identity v. role confusionconfusion AdolescenceAdolesc
7、ence Autonomy v. Autonomy v. shame and shame and doubtdoubt 13 years13 yearsIntimacy v. Intimacy v. isolationisolation Emerging Emerging adulthoodadulthood Initiative v. Initiative v. guiltguilt 36 years36 yearsGenerativity v. Generativity v. stagnationstagnation AdulthoodAdulthood Industry v. Indus
8、try v. inferiorityinferiority 611 years611 yearsIntegrity v. Integrity v. despairdespair Old ageOld age Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Behaviorism & Social Learning Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning Stimulus ResponseStimulus Response Operant Operant Conditioni
9、ngConditioning ReinforcersReinforcers & & punishmentspunishments Social-Cognitive Social-Cognitive ApproachApproach ModelingModeling Self-efficacySelf-efficacy Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Piagets Stages of Piagets Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development T
10、able 1.2 Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory Transmission of culture to new generation n n Beliefs, customs, skillsBeliefs, customs, skills Social interaction vital for cognitive development n n Cooperative dialogues Cooperative dialogues with m
11、ore with more knowledgeable knowledgeable members of societymembers of society Family Life Royalty Free Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ecological Systems Theory Figure 1.4 Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dynamic Systems Perspective Figure 1.5 Questions?