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1、PHYSIOLOGY（生理学）,Chapter 1 : Introduction to Physiology,Section 1 Brief Account,Human Physiology, 生理学医学,Physiology: a branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which the body functions. The normal functions of organs and organ systems of the body. The conditions under which these functions are
2、 carried out. The mechanisms by which they are achieved.,植物生理学 动物生理学 人体生理学,细胞生理学 系统生理学 心脏生理学 神经生理学 内分泌生理学 呼吸生理学 肾脏生理学,生理学(Physiology) 医 学 (Medine),Physiology is the primary basic medical science. It is essential to pharmacology, the study of the effects of drugs on physiologic processes. Most of med
3、icine itself is pathophysiology. We hope that each student will realize that the study of physiology should continue throughout his or her career. Besides physiology, the basic medical sciences include biology, embryology, genetics, anatomy, histology, biochemistry, pathophysiology, pathology, micro
4、biology, immunology, etc. Although taught separately as different courses, these branches of basic medical sciences are closely inter-related inseparable, forming a solid scientific basis for practice of medicine.,Physiology is the experimental science.,Physiology is the science which is about livin
5、g. Medicine is the science which is about disease. So from this point of view, the physiology is more common than the medicine.,生理学 Physiology 概念：研究生物机体的生命活动（功能 ）及其规律的科学。 主要内容： 一切与生命有关的郑成功能活动及其这些活动的调节问题。 功能 function 调节 regulation,人体生理学 Human Physiology,生命（living） 活,流感病毒 Influenza Virus, 生命的基本特征,1. M
6、etabolism: 同化 异化 能量转换,2. excitability：兴奋 抑制,3. Reproduction： 生殖活动,Section 2 Internal environment and homeostasis,Homeostasis: relatively stable condition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory system actions.,Homeostasis,A stable internal environment is essential for normal cell functio
7、n,Conditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits, including: Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions Concentrations of glucose and other metabolites Osmotic pressure Concentrations of H+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+ Temperature,Nervous regulation Humoral regulation Autoregulation,Section
8、3 Regulation Physiological Function,Reflex: biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc., Nervous regulation,Reflex arc,Spinal reflex,Baroreceptor control of arterial pressure (baroreflex),Paracrine: chemical messenger that exerts its effects on tissues near
9、 its secretion site. Neurosecretion: chemical messenger released by a neuron and carried by the blood to its target cell.,Neurosecretion,Oxytocin,Vasopressin,神经内分泌免疫调节网络: neuroinmmunoendocrinology,Autoregulation: ability of an individual organ to control its activity (vascular resistance) independen
10、t of neural and hormonal influence., Autoregulation,Renal autoregulation,神经调节的特点,神经元分泌的“递质”或“调质”通过神经纤维和突触实现其调控作用。 神经系统的作用广泛、迅速、灵敏、定位准确。 它控制了包括内分泌系统和免疫系统在内的机体各个系统的功能作用。具有节律性变化。,体液调节的特点：,内分泌细胞分泌的“激素”通过体液运输来完成其调控作用。其作用范围广泛、缓慢，影响持久，定位不及神经系统明确。内分泌系统从广泛意义上讲，可以视为神经系统传出神经的“延长部分”。具有典型节律性变化。 内分泌系统对刺激的获得、分析、贮存
11、、记忆、整合，是通过和神经系统共同完成。,自身调节的特点,调节幅度小、不够灵敏、作用有限，作用范围也比较小。 在有些情况下有一定的意义。,Control system: the mechanisms by which the body maintains homeostasis. Feedback control system Feed-forward control system,Section 4 Control system in the body,Feedback: characteristic of control systems in which output response i
12、nfluences input to system. Sensors to detect conditions in the body Effectors to change conditions in the body Negative feedback Positive feedback, Feedback control system,1 Negative feedback,Negative feedback: aspect of control systems in which systems response opposes input to system.,Homeostatic
13、control illustrating the concept of negative feedback,Set point: 100mmHg,Negative feedback control system for regulation of body temperature,Set point: 37C,Positive feedback: aspect of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even furthe
14、r.,2 Positive feedback,A positive feedback cycle involved in the upstroke of an action potential,Positive feedback,Blood coagulation,Positive feedback,Parturition,Positive feedback, Feed-forward control system,Feed-forward: aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate changes in a
15、 regulated variable.,Sight Sound Smell,End,生理学研究与发展展望,Section 5,Cellular and molecular level Organ and system level Organismal level,Function occurs at three levels,1 Cellular and molecular level,Cellular and molecular level,2 Organ and system level,3 Organismal level,In vivo: (在体) acute experiment
16、chronic experiment In vitro: (离体) isolated tissue, Methodology,In vivo,Methodology,Cannula implantation,Rotation,Rotational behavior,Seizure,Tonic seizure,In vitro,Methodology,Patch clamp,Electron microscopy,Steps in the Scientific Method,ObservationInteresting phenomena Hypothesis Experiments Conclusion Retesting Publication,Autoregulation,