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1、民间美术与各种文化的关系（The relationship between folk art and various cultures）The relationship between folk art and various culturesFirst, folk art and primitive artFolk art is the same as the art of primitive society. The authors life practice and the feeling of life, as well as the production conditions, pr
2、oduction relations and so on, determines that folk art has maintained the basic quality of the Chinese nations primitive art. From primitive art to later folk art, he always expressed the intention of praising life, praising life and creating life, and full of the power and self-confidence to overco
3、me objective difficulties in this intention. People use the native art to describe its inner temperament, which is the compliment and generalization of the happy mood from workers lives. For hundreds of years or even thousands of years ago, many bottles, due to changes in life, today is no longer ap
4、plicable, but is still appreciated by people, the others, because the original art with beautiful consciousness, reveals an eternal beauty of feelings, also has a beyond time and space the artistic charm and aesthetic value of folk art. Nostalgia, accent, folk, folk customs, cultivated a party, and
5、such a person, it is civil work and life. All the workers are true kindness materialized in the folk art creation. On the whole, most of them are coarse, vulgar and wild, but non poor soil, coarse, vulgar non trivial, non wild and unruly, uncultured soil. All the early human activities, including pr
6、imitive art and other creative activities, are activities that directly support life, and are both the starting point and the ultimate goal. We can see the various efforts made by human beings to sustain life from a large number of life crafts and labor tools left by primitive humans. The life value
7、 of folk art fundamentally with people directly, in private after long-term development and continuous improvement of labor, gradually formed to meet the needs of various kinds of workers in the daily life category and form, form the workers life culture tradition for thousands of years, without sto
8、p.Many varieties of folk art still retain the characteristics and style of the primitive art period. As with the original art, folk art are not from a purely aesthetic motivation, they can often with materials and tools, simple crude, indigenous methods, production often tend to simple and flexible
9、in full light and handy, with long-term collective labor inheritance, has its unique production program. At the same time, everything created by laborers, including tools, utensils and so on, is made according to the laws of beauty. Every member of the folk group labor, in the long-term production p
10、ractice, the wisdom and efforts of themselves into skilled perfect operation skills, their achievements created by labor, all flashes of human aesthetic nature of bright splendor. Folk art is the most direct inheritance of primitive art, and other art forms, can not replace each other, but can not b
11、e separated, reflects the hierarchy of traditional art China evolution, but also reflects the rheology of cultural development.Two, folk art and lower cultureIn the history of any nation, there are two cultures, one representing the masses and the other representing the ruling class. In different hi
12、storical periods, there are differences and connections between the two cultures. In the thousands of years of cultural continuity, there are gradually some miscellaneous forms of culture, there are at least three kinds of art, namely palace art, literati, art and religious art. The origins of the t
13、hree arts are developed on the basis of folk art. These three kinds of art in its basic nature, the rulers palace art belongs to a part of the religious culture; art belongs to the rulers of the culture in history, but another part shows the characteristics of folk art; in the feudal society, the li
14、terati is a class of knowledge, its composition is also different with the tendency of culture respectively. Only folk art is representative of the peoples culture. From another angle, if pure art is closer to the pure spiritual field in the social upper culture, then folk art belongs to the lower l
15、evel culture, which is closer to the material life. The scope of culture is very wide, generally speaking it includes people in the long-term social life created and inherited all material products (such as clothing, food, housing and other products) and the spirit (such as academic ethics, literatu
16、re, art, etc.). Because of culture, human beings are different from all kinds of animals. And the more human society develops, the richer its culture is.Three, folk art and religious cultureIn Chinas history of thousands of years, religion and folk beliefs are very active and quite complicated. Reli
17、gion, as a social phenomenon of history, permeates every aspect of social life. The relationship between folk art and religious culture is not only reflected in the religious stories and religious figures,The religious ideas of propaganda and the religious activities that participate in it are also
18、reflected in the historical process of its formation.The shadow puppet as an example, figure and Buddhism shadow disguised, show the script (also known as the shadow) between the Bianwen and Buddhism, it has a very profound relationship. Disguised form is a form of art in which Buddhism was used to
19、describe Buddhist stories and preach doctrines since the Tang Dynasty, in which paintings based on Buddhist scriptures were called in disguise or change. Disguised or painted on silk paper, painted on the wall or on the temples, grottoes. Change is a kind of popular rap literature since the Tang Dyn
20、asty, Buddhism was used to describe the Buddhist stories, publicity doctrine, also known as vulgar talk. During the performance, often show a picture with Bianwen (Bian Xiang) match. The Qing Dynasty was found in Shishi in Dunhuang. After the evolution of Bianwen Baojuan, its content and form have c
21、hanged, but the theme has not changed, but the semantics more popular, more easy to remember the Buddhist story told, has a significant influence on the later, Guci Tanci etc. With the shadow of the characters, and other film scripts (shadow volume) were studied, you will find the shadow figures not
22、 only by the influence of ancient paintings, stone, folk paper-cut and painting, especially is also affected by the ancient religious murals (in disguise) and religious sculpture (statues) effect. Shadow play Dan and Sheng role and monster, it is absorbed in ancient religious sculpture of the king o
23、f Hercules, ghosts and gods and other gods of the modeling features. At the same time will also find some flat film and the drawing of the disguised in the form of similarities. According to the Buddhist said dark world depicts hell and shadow in hell Tour is very similar. The famous painter Wu Daoz
24、i Tang Cheng Ji in the temple Changle Fang Zhao Jing Gong Temple painting pen Jin Nu, dark world becomes like Yin strange, see dont wear fur and watch movies in the tour of hell did not have a with hair standing on end.The traditional religions in China are mainly Buddhism, Taoism and the primitive
25、beliefs that are circulated by the people. The role of folk art in religious activities, like other religious art, is directly for the promotion of religious ideas. In Northwest China, such as Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, as well as the Central Plains Henan, festival festivals add festive atm
26、osphere, and the masses are more accustomed to using puppetry and shadow play to worship gods, to eliminate disasters and to reduce blessings. The shadow play in early Beijing was called the shadow of a Buddhist temple, which was mainly to preach Buddhist sutras. It was mainly performed at the good
27、will meeting place of various monasteries, or worshipped the funeral ceremony of the Buddhist family. The show is mostly publicity karma, good and punishing the evil religious story. According to legend, the incarnation of Avalokiteshvara film artists, sitting on the futon on the concert, and warnin
28、g play are so stubborn, to sit in a futon, serious, and named the futon. When the light, after Xianfeng, slowly changed the status of preaching Buddhist doctrine. Until now the movie still retains many traces of Buddhism, such as Baojuan, said the script for the lights lighting lamp. Therefore, the
29、development and development of puppet show and shadow are inseparable from the role of religion.However, with the development of history evolution, in the study of the relation between folk art and religious culture, one can not be ignored but worthy of discussion, which is the religious folk art of
30、 this art form, is a folk art by Yu Zongjiao to develop? In folk beliefs, man and God and there is no impassable gulf the. When the three star is one of the image of Guan Yu, more folk sculpture and New Year paintings, regarded as the object of worship, protected by God and evolution of Mammon (Wu C
31、aishen); and Hades evil black and white impermanence, because people fear them at a distance, it is said that the fear of the wicked. Not only that, people often play the devil himself happy impermanence. Such as Fujian, Zhangzhou puppet, there are two ghosts, black and white, funny when performing,
32、 a little ghost gas did not, to adults and children are only happy laughter. This shows that, in the discussion of the relationship between folk art and religious culture, should also pay attention to: people not only seek spiritual comfort in religious fantasy world, but also to meet their spiritua
33、l pursuit of ideal world shows incomparable creative spirit.Four, folk customs, refers to a country or nation in which the masses of people create, enjoy and inherit the life culture. Folk custom is the people in social life, learning to come from generation to generation mode of life, it is a socia
34、l group in the language, behavior and psychological habits of the collective. The contents include: material production folk folk, folk material life, social organization, folk festival customs and rites, folk beliefs, folk science and technology, folk oral literature, folk language, folk art, folk
35、games and entertainment etc.Five, folk art and opera cultureOpera is a comprehensive art, its formation and circulation is determined by many factors, and it is developed with the integration of various forms of art. Folk art has played an important role in the formation and development of Chinese o
36、pera. In the folk art, paper cutting, embroidery, painting, sculpture and so on are the most common, performance opera stories and drama many characters of the art form, and the mask, mask, shadow puppets, etc. is used directly in opera.Since the Song Dynasty, opera has become one of the most popula
37、r art activities in civil society. The contents of the opera and opera performances, expressing the people of heros admiration, expressed the people to judge between good and evil, the sustenance of the people yearning and pursuit of happiness and freedom at the same time, also inspired the artists
38、creative enthusiasm. Folk artists in opera popular and familiar characters and scenes, through clever art creation into different styles of folk arts, accompanied by peoples daily life into thousands of households, so that the opera can be spread in a larger space. For a long time, Chinese folk art
39、and drama have formed a very special relationship in the process of mutual influence and mutual promotion. In depth understanding and understanding of this relationship, we will find that folk art and opera have a very deep historical origin, that is, they are from the folk, are in the fertile soil
40、of folk life on the growth and growth. Folk is not only the common features of folk art and opera, but also the deep foundation of their interaction with each other. From the folk opera generally manifested in five aspects, one is the opera script is mostly drawn from the folk legend, so as to perfo
41、rm the story; two opera performances fusion long popular in folk dance and acrobatics, singing art and comic art form and mature; three is the early opera audience is mainly the farmer field female, ordinary people and they have long been a peddler, they support stage and opera performances; four is
42、 the dramatic rise and popularity depends on urban and rural temple, village festival and other folk customs activities and farmers self entertaining opera; five is like folk opera performance the thoughts and feelings of xixixiangtong. As a kind of folk art and folk art in the native form, in the a
43、bove aspects and the relationship with the folk opera, in essence, is exactly the same, just forms and means of expression are different.Six, the relationship between folk art and life cultureThe basic purpose of peoples creative activities is to meet the needs of life and production. The nature of
44、human beings determines the basic nature of the integration of process production, utility and aesthetics, material and spirit. The source and root of folk art come from life, which is the life of the labourer and the creation of life. In this life, the relation between man and man, the relation bet
45、ween man and thing, is the link between affection and beauty, and life as the core. The worker is the founder of art and the creator of life, and the good emotion which is contained in the heart of the worker is the life basis of art and life.Folk art is in life, and life is in it. For example, conn
46、ection of folk art in the image and life is God through it in the life of the specific position and function to give guarantees. Another characteristic of folk art is a unique way of life it has possession of space and time, because folk art is the art of life, it is everywhere around the human livi
47、ng space, so in essence it is device; due to the folk art and folk festivals, celebrations, ceremonies, game time and process are integrated, so it is the nature of the conduct and performance.In folk art, all visible and shaping materials in life can be used as the language medium for the creation of folk art works