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1、2013英语六级基础语法辅导一、一般过去时和过去完成时（1）一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较：The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时，已经开始上课。He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前，他已回家了。（2）有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时：He called on me soon
2、after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说：He called on me soon after he returned.The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说：The train left before I got to the station。（3）描述一连串的过去动作，无需用过去完成时，例如：He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away. 他站起来，拿起书包，戴上帽子，
3、离开房间走了。She looked around but saw nothing. 她环顾四周，但是什么也没有看见。He came in and said hello to everyone. 他进来向每一个人问好。由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同，中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误，尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有：时态不对应；通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态；时态混用或串用（如在描写过去的经历时，有时用现在时）；不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误，这在所难免，也可以理解。但是，在正式场合，如正式写作中，就不能允许出现时态错误，因为这是英语语法的基础。
4、我们学习时态的目的，主要在于应用。因此，在使用英语，尤其是在写作时，一定要有时态意识，长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。二、情态动词情态动词有一定的意义，表示人的看法和态度，不表示动作或状态，因而不能单独做谓语，必须和实意动词或系动词的原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的变化。把情态动词放在句首、句尾用问号便构成疑问句；在其后加上not或never等否定词就构成否定句。如：My mother can drive. 我妈会开车。My mother cant drive. 我妈不会开车。Can your mother drive? 你妈会开车吗？Cant your mother drive? 你妈不
5、会开车吗？You neednt look at me like that. 你不必那样瞧着我。常用的情态动词有can, could; may, might; must; should; need; dare; ought to 等。（一）can/could 的用法1、表示具备某种“能力”，但不一定做事情。仅仅表示有能力而已。can表示现在；could表示过去。如：The nine-year old boy can swim across the river. 那个九岁的男孩能游过那条河。Can you swim across the river? 你能游过那条河吗？I could do suc
6、h things then, but I cant now. 我那时候能做这样的事情，但现在不能了。We couldnt get the truck to start. 我们发动不了那辆卡车。2、表示“请求”（疑问句中）、“允许”。Could 比 Can 委婉；两者都指现在。回答一律用 can 或 cannot, 也可以用mustnt. 如：Can /could I smoke here? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？Yes, you can. 是的，你可以。No, you cannot smoke here. 你不能在这里抽烟。You can go now. 你现在可以走了。Could you le
7、nd me $55? 你能借给我55美圆吗？Yes, of course. 当然可以。No, I cannot/Im sorry I cannot. 不，不行/对不起，恐怕不行。Could you tell me where John is? 你能告诉我约翰在哪儿吗？3、表示“可能性”。 但是并不牵涉到是否真会发生：都可以表示现在和将来，只是could的语气更加不肯定。如That can/could be very awkward. 那可就太尴尬了。Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。That cant/couldnt be true. 那不可能是真的。Will yo
8、u answer the phone? It could be your mother. 你去接电话好吗？可能是你妈妈。What can/could they be doing? 他们可能会在干吗呢？Could/Can they be chatting in his office? 他们可能在他办公室里聊天吗？No, they cant/couldnt be doing that now. 不， 现在他们不可能在做那事。（二）may/might 的用法1、表示允许或请求允许；might语气更礼貌：May I turn on the TV? 我可以把电视打开吗？You may go home n
9、ow. 你现在可以回家了。She asked if she might have my bike. 她问是否可以借用我的自行车。He told me I might go and see him any time. 他和我说我可在任何时候去见他。can/could和may/might 都可以表示允许和请求允许。can最直截了当；could 礼貌客气；may 既尊重又婉转礼貌；might 带者太多的虚礼，所以很少使用。如：对所有这些问句的肯定回答：Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may.对所有这些问句的否定回答：No, you cant/may not /mustnt
10、/Im afraid not.2、表示可能性，是“也许”之意。这时may和might无时间上的差别，只是might在语气上更不肯定一些。如：You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。He said that the news might be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。They may/might be having a bath. 他们也许正在洗澡。We may be buying a new house. 我们也许要买个新房子。表示可能性时，may/might不用于疑问句，可用can/could或别的说法。如：Is it likely to rai
11、n, do you think? 会下雨吗，你认为？（不说May it rain?）Can/could they be having a bath? 他们可能正在洗澡吗？（三）must的用法1、表示义务、命令或劝告，是“必须”之意。对自己、对别人均可：We must take this seriously. 我们必须严肃对待这事。You must tell me the truth. 你必须和我说实话。Patients must use medicine according to the doctors orders. 病人用药必须遵医嘱。在回答由must引起的问题时，如果是否定回答，多用ne
12、ednt 或 dont have to，表示“不必、没必要”；而mustnt表示“绝对不行、不可以”的意思，有时用来回答can或may开头的问句，表示口气很强的不允许：Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they dont have to/they neednt. 女士们必须着连衣裙吗？不，不必。Can/May I come in? No, you cant/mustnt. 可以进来吗？不行/绝对不行。must 仅用于表示现在和未来。其他时态用have to。但在间接引语中可用must表示过去:I had to leave early because I was
13、nt feeling well. 我不得不早点离开，因为我觉得不舒服。Youll have to take care of the child. 你将不得不照顾这个孩子。She has had to work over ten hours a day. 她一直不得不每天工作十几个小时。They decided they must stop smoking. 他们决定他们必须戒烟。He asked me if he must leave at once and I told him he didnt have to. 他问我是否他必须马上离开，我告诉他不必。2、表示推测，是“肯定、一定”之意。此
14、时，must只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中，用can/could：There must be a mistake. 准是弄错了。Can/Could there be a mistake 可能会有错吗？There cant/couldnt be a mistake. 不可能会有错吗？He must be over sixty now. 他肯定六十多岁了。He cant/couldnt be sixty now. 他现在不会是六十岁。Can/Could he be over sixty now? 他现在会有六十多岁吗？They must be watching the news now. 他们这
15、会儿肯定在看新闻。They cant/couldnt be watching the news now. 他们这会儿不可能在看新闻。Can/Could they be watching the news now? 他们这会儿可能在看新闻吗？我们先对表示“推测”的表达法作一个总结：（1）表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，cant 不可能。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。（2）对已经过去的情况的推测：must, may, might, cant/couldnt 这些词后面分别加上have + 过去分词，表示“一定”，“可能”， “也许”，“不可能”
16、。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。（四）need的用法作为情态动词，need一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。You neednt try to explain. 你不需要解释。She neednt come tomorrow. 她明天不必来。Need we stay here this evening? 今晚我们需要在这儿住下来吗？Need 作为实意动词比作为情态动词常用的多。实意动词need 可用在所有句型中。She needs to come tomorrow. 明天她需要来。You dont need any help from others. 你不需要别人的任何帮助。He does
17、nt need to borrow money. 他不需要借钱。Do they need this? 他们需要这个吗？Plants need sun light in order to grow. ?植物需要阳光才能生长。You dont need to work so hard. 你不需要这么样地努力工作。Your shoes need cleaning/to be cleaned. ?你的鞋子需要清洁。The job doesnt need much attention or time. 这份工作很省心省事。What he needs is a good beating. He needs
18、 a good beating. ?需要好好揍他一顿。（五）dare的用法情态动词dare通常用于疑问句，否定句和条件状语从句中，表示“敢”的意思：Dare he swim across the river? 他敢游过这条河吗？He dare not come to see me. 他不敢来见我。I dare not say so. 我不敢这样说。She dare not go out of the house. 她不敢走出房间。How dare you be so rude! 你竟敢如此无礼！If you dare speak to me like this again, youll be
19、sorry. 如果你胆敢再和我那样说话，你会感到遗憾的。实际上，在现代英语中，dare往往用做实意动词：Do you dare to ask her? 你敢问她吗？He didnt dare to go. 他不敢去。I would never dare to jump down from the wall. 我永远也不敢从那堵墙上跳下来。Does anyone dare to call me a liar? 有谁敢说我是个说谎者吗？（六）should/ought to的用法两者大多数情况下可以互换。1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。ought to的否定式为ought not t
20、o /oughtnt to。如：You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says. 你应该更多的注意你律师的话。They shouldnt allow parking here. The street is too narrow. 这里不应该允许停车，街道太窄了。This word is spelt wrongly. There should be another “s”.这个词拼写错了，还应该有一个 “s”。I should go slowly here. Its a built-up area. 这里我应该慢点
21、儿走。这个地区建筑物多。2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。 表示对现在和将来的推测。You ought not to/shouldnt be sleeping now. Its already eight oclock. 你不该还在睡觉，都已经八点了。This pen ought to /should be yours. 这支笔应该是你的。If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now. 如果火车晚点的话，JOHN现在马上就应该到了。3、“should/ought to have+过去分词”表
22、示对过去的推测，意 思 是“应该已经”。有时表示“应该做而没有做”，是“本应该”的意思；“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事情”，是“本不该”的意思，因而它们都含有责备的语气：He began two hours ago. He ought to have finished filling in the forms now. 两个钟头前他就开始了，现在应该填完那些表格了。One should have been asleep and the other on watch. 本应该一个睡觉，另一个站岗。.You should not hav
23、e asked him for help. 你本不应该向他求助。4、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情：Whats happened to that money? How should I know? 那些钱怎么了？我怎么知道？Its strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that. 真奇怪，他竟然为这么小的事情发脾气。Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你？三、比较级和最高级无比较级和最高级的形容词及副词: complete, perfect, utter, e
24、tc比较从句asas, almost/just/nearly asas, not so/as as:Well give you as much help as we can.I havent made as much progress as I should.Weve produced twice as much cotton this year as we did ten years ago.My command of English is not half so (as) good as yours.than, so much/a lot more than, no more than,
25、not morethan, less thanmorethan, lessthan可表示“与其说不如说”:He is more good than bad.He was less hurt than frightened.The present crisis in capitalist countries is much more a political than an economic crisis.“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以是该形容词或副词的相反的含义:no rich than = as poor asno bigger than = as small as
26、no later than = as early asJohn is no better than Tom.I have taken no more than six courses this semester.the more the more (越是就越)Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt.more of a, as much of a, less of a, etc: 当as much of aas, more/less o
27、f a than等结构与单数可数名词搭配时, 名词只能置于比较结构中间.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.四、倒装语法精要全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.来源：在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:Under
28、no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldnt answer the question. Nor could anyone else in our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句),
29、助动词或be置于主语前.“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didnt drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.“I wont do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”“Tomor
30、row will be Monday.” “So it will.”当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主
31、语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:There comes your turn.有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:Here is Chinas largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序
32、:Here we are. This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”3.表语和系动词提前:介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.形容词: Very important in the farmers life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliat
33、ions he suffered.副词: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about
34、17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.6) 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the e
35、nd.有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either.五、定语从句限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.The
36、boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who ha
37、d long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in the
38、m, were sent to the little girl.定语从句的引导词that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man (whom) youve been looking for.He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.The people (who/that) you were talking t
39、o were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person (that) he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl
40、 (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时):Have you everything you need?(Is there) anything I can do for you?All you have to do is to press the button.在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that,
41、但省略的时候更多一些:The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.This is the question (that) weve had so much discussion about.定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which:The
42、y have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wantedWhen deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.who
43、se: 在表示“的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的词序是名词词组 + of which:Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (the purpose of which was)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (whose name
44、 Ive)of which前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前.The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.Its a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.关系副词 when, where, why: 它们的含义相当于 at which, in whic
45、h, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.The day when he was bornon which he was bornwhich he was born onThe office where he worksat which he workswhich he works at有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略.Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.Do yo
46、u know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?This is the place (where) we met yesterday.That is the reason (why) he did it.在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口语中that也可省略.This is the way (that/in which) he did it.Thats the way I look at it.如果定语从句中谓语为 there is, 作主语的关系代词也常可省掉:I must make full use of the time the