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1、二里头遗址出土陶容器内残余物的科学分析（Analysis of pottery container remnants unearthed in Erlitou site in Science）Analysis of carbon isotope pottery container remnants unearthed in Erlitou siteZhao Chun, Yan Zhaohaitao, Chen Guoliang, Xu Hong(Beijing, 27 Wangfujing Avenue, Institute of archaeology, Chinese Academy of
2、 Social Sciences, 100710)Abstract: the archaeological analysis and identification of ceramic container residues is of special significance for the study of ancient human diet, living conditions and the surrounding environment and other issues. On the basis of carbon isotope residue analysis can dist
3、inguish the types of food, and carbon isotope analysis is one of the most important methods. Carbon isotope analysis results of the 11 cases of Tao the vessel unearthed in Erlitou site in the residue. The results showed that the residents food in Erlitou site with both C3 and C4 plants, and C4 plant
4、s is millet proportion may be higher.Keywords: erlitousite, residue, carbon isotopeAnalysis and identification of archaeological pottery container residue is of special significance for the study of ancient human diet, living conditions and the surrounding environment and other issues. After learnin
5、g how to make pottery, life style has undergone a qualitative change. The use of cooking methods, such as cooking, has improved the lives of ancient humans, making humans more useful to animals and plants, to absorb more nutrients, and to make their bodies healthier. Therefore, to understand the his
6、tory of ancient human cooking and development is to understand the history of human civilization. Generally speaking, the research object to understand the ancient human diet structure and living conditions involved can be divided into two aspects: one is the research subject of mankind itself, incl
7、uding the study of human bones and teeth remains; two is the object of human consumption, including plant research found the remains of archaeological sites. But the analysis of the remains found in unearthed artifacts can help archaeologists obtain more invisible information about animals and plant
8、s.There are many methods for residue analysis. According to the state of residue, there are different methods, among which carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis is one of the most important methods. Based on the carbon isotope analysis of the residue, the species of food can be distinguished. The pri
9、nciple is not complicated: plants convert carbon dioxide from the air into plant tissue by photosynthesis. So far, three main pathways of photosynthesis have been found. One is the Calvin approach. Because it is the initial product of 3- phosphate acid (3-PGA), which is a compound containing three c
10、arbon atoms, so it is also known as the C3 pathway, followed by the C3 pathway of photosynthesis of a plant known as C3 plants. Most of the plants grown in mild humid environments belong to C3 plants, such as trees, shrubs, and most of the grasses. The two is the Kazakhstan Weiss approach. This way
11、is the first product containing four carbon atoms - oxaloacetate, so a kind of plant, follow the ha - photosynthetic pathway called C4 plants. C4 plants include certain grasses grown in warm, open environments such as maize, millet, and sugar cane. The three is one of the few succulent plants such a
12、s pineapple, sugar beet, followed by the called CAM 1 2, photosynthetic pathway.Natural plants differ in their ways of photosynthesis leading to differences in initial products. The difference in carbon isotopic composition between plants of different initial products is different,The delta 13C valu
13、e can be expressed quantitatively. Through the study of hundreds of different families, genera and species in nature, C3 plants such as rice, wheat, beans and so on, their range of delta 13C is -23 per thousand to -30 per thousand, and the average value is -26 per thousand. C4 plants such as maize,
14、millet, sorghum, sugarcane and so on, the range of delta 13C is -8 to -14 per thousand, and the average value is -11 per thousand. CAM plants such as pineapple, beet and so on, the range of delta 13C is -12 per thousand to -23 per thousand, and the average value is -17 per thousand. Legumes can dire
15、ct nitrogen fixation from air, and their Delta 15N values are about 01 per thousand; non leguminous plants utilize nitrogen in soil, and their Delta 15N values are on average 34 per thousand. These findings provide direct comparative criteria for later studies. The unearthed remnants, change because
16、 of the carbonized plant debris will be soil microbial effects, is generally believed that the carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation does not occur, so do not interfere with the determination. Therefore, the carbon and nitrogen isotope patterns of animals and plants can be used to identify the s
17、ources of carbon sources.The carbon and nitrogen isotope application of residue analysis reported in the literature to distinguish the types of food, and then discuss the examples of ancient human food composition has been shown. It is often seen. residues on the archaeological site of Mexico for ex
18、ample researchers, 200- BC 1000, residents of the main food is non leguminous plants C3, 1000-1200 A.D. during the year 1200-1400 while eating corn, stop eating corn. This change reflects changes in the amount of crops planted. (3)On the north and south of the lake and the north shore of Ontario in
19、600 AD and different sites in the pottery in carbonized materials of carbon and nitrogen isotopes, results showed that the carbonized materials mainly from C3 plants, herbivores meat and freshwater fishes; planting into the area in the year 600 after the source of carbon in the corn, start with the
20、C4 class a few plants (maize). In addition, carbon rich elements of 13C in the carbonized residue, most of which may be derived from corn fed animals (such as dogs or bears), rather than boiled corn (4). Craig and others analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotopes in pottery containers found in several Eu
21、ropean coastal and island sites during the period 6000 BC - 4000 bc. Test results show that some containers may be used for seafood processing (5).At present, the domestic research on the analysis of unearthed remnants of carbon and nitrogen isotopes have been reported, therefore, we use the carbon
22、isotope analysis of pottery unearthed in the ruins for the first time in residue analysis to distinguish the types of food and then explore the ancient human food composition.The site is located in the village of Yanshi city of Henan Province, the total area of about 3 million square meters. Accordi
23、ng to the archaeological excavation and research, the main cultural relics of the site belong to Erlitou culture, is the Erlitou culture period at a large settlement site, absolute age is about 1800- BC 1500. The site has known city road system, Chinese as early as the earliest Miyagi, the earliest
24、palace buildings, the earliest bronze and bronze smelting workshop, is by far China can confirm the earliest capital of the kingdom of the site (6). Unearthed relics include bronze ware and a large number of pottery, jade and so on.The crop remains obtained by flotation method mainly include millet,
25、 millet, rice, soybean and other varieties. The unearthed carbonized millet not only in terms of absolute quantity is obviously higher than that of other crops, but also in the unearthed probability is the most prominent; second is rice, accounting for about 1/3 of the total number of unearthed crop
26、s, which indicates that the staple diet of many ancestors of Erlitou site types. Nevertheless, in different periods of Erlitou culture in the ruins of the residents in the proportion of rice millet is the staple food structure is important, whether there is a certain degree of change is still unsolv
27、ed mysteries. In view of this, we collected pieces of pottery unearthed remains of Erlitou site of Erlitou culture in different periods of thirteen carbon isotope, diet structure and change in order to be able to explore the ancestors of the Erlitou site to provide information.1 materials and method
28、s1.1 sample collectionThe residue samples were collected from 11 pieces of pottery fragments belong to Erlitou culture from two to four. The inner wall of the fragments attached carbonide particles of varying thickness, provides a good material for us to study the structure of food when humans and t
29、he use of edible plants, the processing, the background, the excavated sites are listed in table 1.1.2 sample testThe residual samples thirteen carbon isotope analysis is conducted in the Institute of ecological and environmental Stable Isotope Laboratory, host model DELTAplus XP and Falsh EA1112 el
30、ement analyzer, precision: 13C0.1% 15N0.2%. Test results are shown in table 1.Table 1 the Erlitou site unearthed remnants of background information and test resultsSample numberExcavated unitby stagesDelta 13C (per 1000)One2002, V, T12, ATwo-12.741Two2002 V H163Two-14.313Three2002, V, T24, BThree-16
31、Four2000, III, T3Four-24.667Five2000, III, H8Four-25.455Six2000, III, H22Four-17.937Seven2002 V G5Four-14.18Eight2000 T1 and IIIFour-13.798Nine2003, V, T35, AFour-12.392Ten2004 V H267Four-16.07Eleven2006 V H447Four-18.2182, results and discussionThe food structure of the 2.1 residue analysis of Erli
32、tou site residentsAccording to the test results, the 13C value of 5 samples in the 11 residue samples was about -12 per thousand to -14 per thousand, and in the range of 13C C4 of the plant species, it was inferred that it might be a species of Foxtail millet. There are 8 13C values of 5 samples of
33、about -16% to -18%, between C3 and C4 plants plants, the original costumes can be a mixture of beans and rice, millet, wheat, or CAM plants such as sugar beet; 13C 2 sample value at about -24% otherwise in 8 13C -26%, C3 plant value range, the original judgment may be for rice, wheat, beans and othe
34、r plants. The delta 13C values for all samples are shown in figure 1. In Figure 1 the vertical axis represents the 13C values of the size of the abscissa of Erlitou culture in different stage. From Figure 1 it is clear that the residents of Erlitou site in food with both C3 and C4 plants, and C4 pla
35、nts is millet proportion may be higher. Besides,8 13C in different period unearthed remnants of the values are different, which reflects the change of food structure of the residents of Erlitou culture in different periods of Erlitou site.Delta 13C, Delta 13C8 13C Figure 1 unearthed remnants of Erli
36、tou site in different periods of valueMillet is one of the oldest crops in china. It has a short growth period, drought resistance, barren, grain storage and other characteristics, suitable for growing in the arid area of North China in. Rice belongs to moist crops and is suitable for growing in hum
37、id and wet southern china. The south rice and North millet are the traditional agricultural layout of China, which reflects the important status of rice and millet in the ancient food structure, and also reflects the difference of the growth environment of these two crops. So, why are two kinds of d
38、ifferent crop growth environment also appears in the Erlitou diet of residents? Because the Erlitou site has a unique ecological environment.The northwestern margin of the Erlitou site located in Yiluo River Basin belongs to the plains of Huang Huai, and the Huang Huai area as a transition zone betw
39、een the north and the south of China, the agricultural activity has always been influenced by climate change. Since entering the historical period, the overall trend of climate is dry and cool. The dry farming, represented by millet, has become the main economy in this area. However, research result
40、s show that restoration of ancient environment in the Central Plains Erlitou to warm and humid climate conditions, the ratio of fertile soil, adequate lighting, suitable for a variety of crop growth. Archaeological research shows that in the late Neolithic, the Central Plains region will exist at th
41、e same time millet two crops in 7, rice millet blended zone. The study of plant remains of Erlitou site also confirmed that, including millet, millet, rice, soybean and other crop varieties of the relics unearthed from the site, but also unearthed carbonized millet not only in absolute numbers was s
42、ignificantly higher than that of other crops, but also in the unearthed probability is the most prominent; second is rice, accounting for the total number of unearthed crops 1/3, there are millet and soybean also accounted for a certain proportion of 8. Its in good agreement with our measurements. O
43、f the 11 residue samples we analyzed, 5 were probably from C4 plants such as millet, and only 2 samples were probably C3 plants such as rice. It can be seen that the residents rely mainly on millet grain.In addition, according to the carbon isotope bone unearthed in Erlitou site analysis results, 22
44、 cases of human bone samples except for 2, the remaining 20 cases the determination results of samples showed that the average lifetime of the C4 food structure in plants amounted to 88% of the remaining C3 plants 9. As we all know, rice is a typical kind of C3, while millet is a typical C4. Thus, w
45、hen the residents in Erlitou site millet millet is the staple food of the possibility of a larger plant.In summary, analysis of carbon isotope pottery container remnants unearthed in Erlitou site shows that the residents food in Erlitou site in both C3 and C4 plants, is the staple food of many varie
46、ties. Moreover, the proportion of C4 plants, i.e. millet, may be higher. This result is consistent with the archaeological findings of plant remains, and the results are consistent with the study of the food structure of unearthed human bones.Two2 changes in food structure at different times as indi
47、cated by residue analysisIn the 11 residue samples we analyzed, belong to Erlitou culture of two samples in 2 cases, 13C values range from -12 to -14%, possibly from C4 plants, such as corn, millet, sorghum, and sugarcane. The samples belong to Erlitou culture of three only in 1 cases, 13C values fo
48、r -16%, between C3 plants and C4 plants, which may be a mixture of beans and rice, millet, wheat, or CAM plants such as sugar beet etc. Belong to Erlitou culture of four samples of 8 cases, including 3 cases of 13C values range from -12 to -14%, C4 may come from plants, such as millet, sorghum, and sugarcane; there are 3 samples 13C values range is approximately -16% to -18%, between C3 and C4 plants plants either is, rice, wheat, beans and millet mixture, may also be CAM plants such as sugar beet; another 2 cases of sample 13C values range is approximat