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1、有答案的第一部分 选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different way
2、s to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the presidents appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un-
3、 anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age英语语言学试题（3）.Answer the following questions.(10%2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same
4、phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure. The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeares HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident. King: Where
5、 is Polonius? Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him i the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that
6、 occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of p
7、honemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grices Cooperative Principle:A: Whereve you been?B: Out. 2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, dow
8、nfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of lang
9、uage perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案 41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English. 42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learners acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答
10、案一、 单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on t
11、he spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound redcoat.24、FApart from S and
12、C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, girl is ca
13、lled lassie in Scottish dialect, and liquor is called whishey in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is According to the strong version of the
14、 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers perceptions and patterns their way of life30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningle
15、ss while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynast
16、y up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be add
17、ed to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, husband and wife, f
18、ather and son etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word man is analyzed as comprisin
19、g of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowl
20、edge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. pass away for die.40、Brain
21、 lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility fo
22、r language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and
23、 regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pro
24、nunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five /fi:v/(Middle English) /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so night was pronounced as /nixt/, but
25、in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or
26、vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle-spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English,
27、 for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd (bird) is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart bird.评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。42、The acquisition of a second language
28、is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acc
29、ulturation, and personality:1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of the younger the better. But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility
30、 of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learner
31、s have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the furt
32、her he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.英语语言学试题（2）参考答案一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分) 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11.words
33、 question 12.social groups 13.sentence meaning 14.polyglot 15.voiceless voiced voiced三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分) 16.T 17.F(Sense and reference) 18.F(scientific study of language) 19.F(finite verb) 20.F(diachronic) 21.F(no value judgement) 22.T 23.T 24.F(morpheme) 25.F(one of the parts)四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分) 26.
34、The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 28.The base form of a word; the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. 29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituent
35、s and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP. 30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to. 31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoi
36、d obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly. 32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. 33.A variety of languages used by a social class. 34.Thought when it is close to language. 35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between langu
37、ages for teaching purposes.五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.(1)the hunters are shooting; the hunters are shot; (2)young men and young women; young men and (not young) women (3)the president appoints others; the president is appointed. 37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize un-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unlock a
38、nti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialism super- greater than usual, e.g. superpower, superman -wise: in the manner of, e.g. clockwise, moneywise -itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis, arthritis -ize: make into, e.g. realize, modernize -age: process. e.g. mileage, linkage英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题
39、共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分) 11.social plementary 13.root plex plementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later inven
40、tion. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions morning star and evening star. They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of E
41、nglish into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the more difficult sounds.四、名词解释题(本大题共10小
42、题，每小题3分，共30分) 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The l
43、imited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,suc
44、h as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, The dog is barking, we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the si
45、tuation.The actual dog the word dog refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word dog. 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying You h
46、ave left the door wide open,the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social di