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1、TWELVE DIFFERENT INTERPOLATION METHODS: A CASE STUDY OF SURFER 8.0 Chin-Shung Yang*?Szu-Pyng Kao*?Fen-Bin Lee*?Pen-Shan Hung* *National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC .tw *Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC .tw KEY WORDS: DTM (digital terrain model), Interpolation ABSTRACT SU
2、RFER is a contouring and 3D surface mapping program, which quickly and easily transforms random surveying data, using interpolation, into continuous curved face contours. In particular, the new version, SURFER 8.0, provides over twelve interpolation methods, each having specific functions and relate
3、d parameters. In this study, the 5 meter DTM was used as test data to compare the various interpolation results; the accuracy of these results was then discussed and evaluated. 1. INTRODUCTION How to adequately use exist numerous wide-distributed height points has been an important topic in the fiel
4、d of spatial information. Normally, contouring is the way to accurately describe the terrain relief by means of Scenography, Shading, Hachure and Layer Tinting in a way which is best fit to the habit of human vision. Presently, discretely collected height points have to be interpolated to form curve
5、d faces, the selection of spatial interpolation methods decide the quality, accuracy and follow-up analysis applications. Interpolation methods are used here to calculated the unknown heights of interested points by referring to the elevation information of neighboring points. There are a great many
6、 commercial interpolation software, however, most of them are tiny and designed to solve specific problems with limited versatility. The SURFER is a software developed by US GOLDEN company, and the newest version 8.0 contains up to 12 interpolation methods to been free chosen for various needs. User
7、s are suggested to first have the basic understanding of every interpolation methods before he or she can effectively select parameters in every interpolation methods. In the following paper, we will introduce every interpolation method in SURFER. 2. SURFER INTERPOLATION METHODS 2.1 The Inverse Dist
8、ance to a Power method The Inverse Distance to a Power method is a weighted average interpolator, which can be either exact or smoothing. With Inverse Distance to a Power, data are weighted during interpolation, so that the influence of one point, relative to another, declines with distance from the
9、 grid node. Weighting is assigned to data through the use of a weighting power, which controls how the weighting factors drop off as distance from the grid node increases. The greater the weighting power, the less effect the points, far removed from the grid node, have during interpolation. As the p
10、ower increases, the grid node value approaches the value of the nearest point. For a smaller power, the weights are more evenly distributed among the neighboring data points. Normally, Inverse Distance to a Power behaves as an exact interpolator. When calculating a grid node, the weights assigned to
11、 the data points are fractions, the sum of all the weights being equal to 1.0. When a particular observation is coincident with a grid node, the distance between that observation and the grid node is 0.0, that observation is given a weight of 1.0; all other observations are given weights of 0.0. Thu
12、s, the grid node is assigned the value of the coincident observation. The smoothing parameter is a mechanism for buffering this behavior. When you assign a non-zero smoothing parameter, no point is given an overwhelming weight, meaning that no point is given a weighting factor equal to 1.0. One of t
13、he characteristics of Inverse Distance to a Power is the generation of bull s-eyes surrounding the observation position within the grid area. A smoothing parameter can be assigned during Inverse Distance to a Power to reduce the bull s-eye effect by smoothing the interpolated grid. 2.2 The Kriging M
14、ethod Kriging is a geostatistical gridding method that has proven useful and popular in many fields. This method produces visually appealing maps from irregularly spaced data. Kriging attempts to express trends suggested in your data, so that, for example, high points might be connected along a ridg
15、e rather than isolated by bull s-eye type contours. Kriging is a very flexible gridding method. The Kriging defaults can be accepted to produce an accurate grid of your data, or Kriging can be custom-fit to a data set, by specifying the appropriate variogram model. Within SURFER, Kriging can be eith
16、er an exact or a smoothing interpolator, depending on the user-specified parameters. It incorporates anisotropy and underlying trends in an efficient and natural manner. 2.3 The Minimum Curvature Method Minimum Curvature is widely used in the earth sciences. The interpolated surface generated by Min
17、imum Curvature is analogous to a thin, linearly elastic plate passing through each of the data values, with a minimum amount of bending. Minimum Curvature generates the smoothest possible surface while attempting to honor your data as closely as possible. Minimum Curvature is not an exact interpolat
18、or, however. This means that your data are not always honored exactly. 2.4 The Modified Shepard s Method The Modified Shepard s Method uses an inverse distance weighted least squares method. As such, Modified Shepard s Method is similar to the Inverse Distance to a Power interpolator, but the use of
19、 local least squares eliminates or reduces the bull s-eye appearance of the generated contours. Modified Shepard s Method can be either an exact or a smoothing interpolator. The Surfer algorithm implements Franke and Nielson s (1980) Modified Quadratic Shepard s Method with a full sector search as d
20、escribed in Renka (1988). 2.5 The Natural Neighbor Method The Natural Neighbor method is quite popular in some fields. What is the Natural Neighbor interpolation? Consider a set of Thiessen polygons (the dual of a Delaunay triangulation). If a new point (target) were added to the data set, these Thi
21、essen polygons would be modified. In fact, some of the polygons would shrink in size, while none would increase in size. The area associated with the target s Thiessen polygon that was taken from an existing polygon is called the borrowed area. The Natural Neighbor interpolation algorithm uses a wei
22、ghted average of the neighboring observations, where the weights are proportional to the borrowed area. The Natural Neighbor method does not extrapolate contours beyond the convex hull of the data locations (i.e. the outline of the Thiessen polygons). 2.6 The Nearest Neighbor Method The Nearest Neig
23、hbor method assigns the value of the nearest point to each grid node. This method is useful when data are already evenly spaced, but need to be converted to a SURFER grid file. Alternatively, in cases where the data are close to being on a grid, with only a few missing values, this method is effecti
24、ve for filling in the holes in the data. Sometimes with nearly complete grids of data, there are areas of missing data that you want to exclude from the grid file. In this case, you can set the Search Ellipse to a certain value, so the areas of no data are assigned the blanking value in the grid fil
25、e. By setting the search ellipse radii to values less than the distance between data values in your file, the blanking value is assigned at all grid nodes where data values do not exist. 2.7 The Polynomial Regression Method Polynomial Regression is used to define large-scale trends and patterns in y
26、our data. Polynomial Regression is not really an interpolator because it does not attempt to predict unknown Z values. There are several options you can use to define the type of trend surface. 2.8 The Radial Basis Function Interpolation Method Radial Basis Function interpolation is a diverse group
27、of data interpolation methods. In terms of the ability to fit your data and produce a smooth surface, the Multiquadric method is considered by many to be the best. All of the Radial Basis Function methods are exact interpolators, so they attempt to honor your data. You can introduce a smoothing fact
28、or to all the methods in an attempt to produce a smoother surface. 2.9 The Triangulation with Linear Interpolation Method The Triangulation with Linear Interpolation method in SURFER uses the optimal Delaunay triangulation. This algorithm creates triangles by drawing lines between data points. The o
29、riginal points are connected in such a way that no triangle edges are intersected by other triangles. The result is a patchwork of triangular faces over the extent of the grid. This method is an exact interpolator. Each triangle defines a plane over the grid nodes lying within the triangle, with the
30、 tilt and elevation of the triangle determined by the three original data points defining the triangle. All grid nodes within a given triangle are defined by the triangular surface. Because the original data are used to define the triangles, the data are honored very closely. Triangulation with Line
31、ar Interpolation works best when your data are evenly distributed over the grid area. Data sets containing sparse areas result in distinct triangular facets on the map. 2.10 The Moving Average Method The Moving Average method assigns values to grid nodes by averaging the data within the grid node s
32、search ellipse. To use Moving Average, a search ellipse must be defined and the minimum number of data to use, specified. For each grid node, the neighboring data are identified by centering the search ellipse on the node. The output grid node value is set equal to the arithmetic average of the iden
33、tified neighboring data. If there are fewer, than the specified minimum number of data within the neighborhood, the grid node is blanked. 2.11 The Data Metrics Methods The collection of data metrics methods creates grids of information about the data on a node-by-node basis. The data metrics methods
34、 are not, in general, weighted average interpolators of the Z-values. For example, you can obtain information such as: a) The number of data points used to interpolate each grid node. If the number of data points used are fairly equal at each grid node, then the quality of the grid at each grid node
35、 can be interpreted. b) The standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, and median absolute deviation of the data at each grid node. These are measures of the variability in space of the grid, which is important information for statistical analysis. c) The distance to the nearest data po
36、int. For example, if the XY values of a data set are sampling locations, the Distance to the nearest data metric can be used to determine new sampling locations. A contour map of the distance to the nearest data point can quantify where higher sampling density may be desired. 2.12 The Local Polynomi
37、al Method The Local Polynomial method assigns values to grid nodes by using a weighted least squares fit, with data within the grid node s search ellipse. 3. EXPERIMENT DESIGN The purpose of this experiment was primarily to take a spatial interpolation method, with the assistance of SURFER software,
38、 to move the spatial interpolation of DTM from 40 m to 5 m, and to report comparisons and results. The actual operation made use of the Chen-Yu-Lan river region the ground 5 m DTM of the results, and not pass by the mathematics to calculate but the direct to take the 40 m DTM , again then this 40 me
39、ter manuscript input the interpolation of SURFER software put to compute 5 m DTM , and 5 meter manuscript ratio then right acquire its interpolation to put the analysis of error margin of the calculation. The flow charts and sketch maps of the experimental district were designed as follows: Figure 1
40、:Flowchart of experimental design Figure 2:Sketch map of experiment district 4. COMPARISONS OF ACCURACY AND ANALYSIS This experiment tries to make the district to on the spot measure 5 m DTM to manuscripts with the region of Chen-Yu-Lan river, and the total area is roughly 215 square kilometer, beca
41、use of the experiment the scope of district is big, and not easily present the difference of the result of calculation on the screen of computer, so only pick part of districts and establish the result of Layer Tinting and shadow to display as follows : Source Inverse Distance to a Power Kriging Min
42、imum Curvature Modified Shepard s Method Natural Neighbor Nearest Neighbor Polynomial Regression Radial Basis Function Triangulation with Linear Interpolation Moving Average Data Metrics Local Polynomial The personal computer used in this experiment was a Pentium 4,2GHz?memory?768MB. record every ki
43、nd of time that interpolation method use when putting calculation, with the accuracy of conduct and actions, the reference of the performance. Below then for since 40 m DTM put to 5 m, and reduce the acquisition the covariance of result that get with 5 m manuscript. Interpolation method Use time Min
44、. Max. Mean STD. Dev. Inverse Distance to a Power 00:23:06 -110.34 126.19 -0.023 8.227 Kriging 01:55:29 -104.93 128.63 -0.017 3.602 Minimum Curvature 00:02:55 -472.88 510.79 -0.023 10.641 Modified Shepard s Method 00:01:08 -119.6 144.34 -0.016 3.586 Natural Neighbor 00:11:57 -106.65 126.61 -0.019 3.
45、880 Nearest Neighbor 00:01:21 -143.5 175.39 -0.068 8.495 Polynomial Regression 00:00:02 -697.88 956.95 0.304 304.533 Radial Basis Function 02:22:57 -114.57 132.4 -0.016 3.472 Triangulation with Linear Interpolation 00:00:06 -106.31 126.76 -0.018 4.061 Moving Average 00:00:10 -83.86 113.16 0.015 13.6
46、12 Data Metrics 00:18:08 -138.04 154.02 -1.069 20.638 Local Polynomial 00:25:24 -161.73 149.95 -0.113 20.133 From statistics that above the form can get, all methods use the time most longer is Radial Basis Function, and the shortest Polynomial Regression discrepancy very big, especially at the stan
47、dard error aspect, every kind of method have the obvious margin as well, its inside than is interesting of is, at the aspect of mean error, are impracticable margin for error of Polynomial Regression biger outside, the rest of worth and all very small. With the scope of error margin worth for horizo
48、ntal sit the mark, and the quantity is for vertical sit to mark as follows of histogram:? Local Polynomial Inverse Distance to a Power Kriging Minimum Curvature Modified Shepard s Method Natural Neighbor Nearest Neighbor Polynomial Regression Radial Basis Function Triangulation with Linear Interpolation Moving Average Data Metrics Top each statistical chart of form in, put the method due to each interpolation horizontal sit to mark the scope all different, therefore can t directly judge mutually the density of its distribute the di