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1、介 词I. 要点1、介词和种类(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系(1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。(2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different fro
2、m, good at(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：He came right after dinner.He lives directly opposite the school.4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例(1) at, on, in(表时间)表示时间点用at,如at four oclock, at midnight等；表示不
3、确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。(2) between, among(表位置)between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如Im sitt
4、ing between Tom and Alice.The village lies between three hills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：He is the best among the students.(3) beside, besidesbeside意为在旁边，而besides意为除之外。如：He sat beside me.What do you want besides this?(4)in the tree, on the treein the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上(5)on the way, in t
5、he way, by the way, in this wayon the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法(6)in the corner, at the cornerin the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外(7)in the morning, on the morningin the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨(8)by bus, on the busby bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车 II.
6、 例题例1 Do you know any other foreign language_ English?A except B but C beside D besides解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为除了，C-beside意为在旁边，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为除了之外，还有。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例2 He suddenly returned _ a rainy night.A on B at C in D during解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来
7、修饰，故该题正确答案为A。例3 Im looking forward _your letter.A to B in C at D on解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为期望、盼望。连词I. 要点1、 连词的种类(1) 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等。(2) 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(
8、引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。 2、 常用连词举例(1)and 和，并且 They drank and sang all night.(2) bothand 和， 既也Both my parents and I went there.(3) but 但是，而Im sad, but he is happy.(4) eitheror 或或， 要么要么Either youre wrong, or I am.(5) for因为I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.(6) however 然而，可是Af firs
9、t, he didnt want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.(7) neithernor 既不也不Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.(8) not onlybut(also) 不但而且He not only sings well, but also dances well.(9) or 或者，否则Hurry up, or youll be late.Are you a worker or a doctor?(10) so 因此，所以Its getting late, s
10、o I must go.(11) although 虽然Although it was late, they went on working.(12) as soon as 一 就Ill tell him as soon as I see him.(13) because 因为He didnt go to school, because he was ill.(14)unless 除非，如果不I wont go unless it is fine tomorrow.(15)until 直到He didnt leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not until 结构) He
11、stayed there until eleven.(16)while 当时候，而 (表示对比)While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)My pen is red while his is blue. (17)for 因为He was ill, for he didnt come. (结论是推断出来的)(18)since自从I have lived here since my uncle left.(19)hardly when 一 就I had hardly got to the station when th
12、e train left.(20)as far as 就 来说As far as I know, that country is very small.You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II. 例题例1 John plays football _, if not better than, David.A as well B as well as C so well D so well as解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B.例2 She t
13、hought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A when B where C which D while解析：该处意为然而，只有while有此意思，故选D。例3 Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise解析：该处意为或者，正确答案为C。 动词时态、语态I. 要点1、 一般现在时(1) 表示经常发生的
14、动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school. (2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun. 2、 现在进行时(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：What are you doing now? (2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：He is always doing good
15、deeds.3、 现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.Were going to see a film next Monday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在
16、的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：It happened many years ago. 6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：What were you doing this time yesterday?7、 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：The train had already left before we arrived. 8、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：He said he would come, but he di
17、dnt.9、被动语态 被动语态的时态，以give为例。 时式 一般 进行 完成 现在 am is given are am is being are has been given have 过去 was given were was being given were had been given 将来 shall be given will shall have been given will 过去将来 should be given would should have been given would II.例题例1 I learned that her father _ in 1950.A
18、 had died B died C dead D is dead解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例2 The five-year-old girl _ by her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D has been looked解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。 短语动词I. 要
19、点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：(1) 动词介词常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dont laugh at others.I didnt care about it.(2) 动词副词常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out
20、, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3) 动词副词介词常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：All his money added up to no more than $100.
21、After a short rest, he went on with his research work.(4) 动词名词介词常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.(5) 动词形容词常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边
22、，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如： The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.(6) 动词名词常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.(7)辨析give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up(放弃，停止)put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (扑灭)turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on
23、 (打开)keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不让靠近)make up(编造，补上) 和 make out(辨认)take off(脱，起飞) 和 take out(拿出)II. 例题例1 It is wise to have some money _ for old age.A put away B kept up C given away D laid up解析：该题正确uot;；give away意为分发；lay up贮藏。例2 Heres my card. Lets keep in _.A touch B relation C connection D friendshi
24、p解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为保持联系。例3 _! Theres a train coming.A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on解析：该题选A. look out 意为小心。 动词不定式I. 要点1、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。 式语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been written 进行式 to be writing 完成进行式 to have been writing
25、2、 不定式的句法功能(1) 作主语To hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：Its nice to hear from you.Its not easy to be a good teacher.(2) 作宾语通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：I
26、 forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.(3) 作表语My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.(4) 作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：I have two letters to write.I have a lot of work to do.(5) 作宾补通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：He
27、ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his order.(6) 作状语He got up early to catch the first bus.He worked hard to catch up with the other students.(7) 作独立成分To tell you the truth, I told a lie.(8) 疑问词不定式结构。 如：I dont know how to choose them.I cannot decide where to go.(9)不定式的否定式。如：I decided
28、 not to go.(10)不定式的完成式。如：He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.(11)tooto 结构。如：He was too excited to go to sleep.He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)(12)主动表被动。如：The book is easy to read.I have a book to read.II.例题例1 I havent
29、 got a chair _.A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是动宾关系，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。例2 He was made _. A go B gone C going D to go解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3 A new factory is _ very soon.A to be built B builtC to build D to building 解析：该题选A。is to be built意为将要被建。