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1、英国文学简史1. P1 问答 Three conquests（时间+意义）: 1) The Roman conquest, 55 BC, civilized, Christianized2) The English conquest, 5th century, old English, starting point of English literature3) The Norman conquest, 1066, Mid-English, establishment of feudalism.2. P3选择，填空，判断Beowulf, the national epic of English
2、 people.3. P4 诗歌翻译 “Thus made their mourning the men of Geatland, 坟墓周围，勇士们骑着战马， For their heros passing, his hearth-companions 为逝去的国王唱起挽歌， Quoth that of all the kings of earth, 高赞你的懿德，分享你的恩泽，哀叹你的陨落， Of men he was the mildest and most beloved, 人们称你为最可亲最可敬的国王， To his kin the kindest,keenest to praise.
3、” 你对人们总是最仁爱最热心， 你最渴望的就是人们对你的赞扬。4. P5 名词解释，问答 Features of Beowulf:1) The use of alliteration. (头韵) (定义：in alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.)2) The use of metaphors and of understatements（隐喻） (Grendel represents forest, she-monster represents wat
4、er, fire-dragon represents sky)5. P8 选择 填空 判断英国Romance代表作: adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士，同时也是骑士文学代表作）6. P9 问答 The class nature of the romance：1) The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of
5、feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.2) They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.7. P17 选择 填空 名词解释The Ballads(民谣): the most important department of English folk literature.1) 定义：A ballad is a stor
6、y told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and forth lines rhymed. They are mainly the literature of peasants, and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.2) 代表作：The Robin Hood Ballads (罗宾汉民谣)8. P19 选择 填空 判断1) Geoffrey Chaucer,
7、the founder of English poetry, was born about 1340 in London.2) The Canterbury Tales (坎特伯雷故事集) is Chaucers masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.9. P25 问答Chaucers language and contribution: 1) Chaucers language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is master
8、of word-pictures.2) He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.3) Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London standard for the
9、modern English speech.10. P27 问答Preparation for the English Renaissance:1) The establishment of the new monarchy2) Religious Reformation: the appearance of Protestantism3) Language and cultural preparation: the publish of English Bible 11. P28 名词解释 选择 判断King James Bible: the authorized version of En
10、glish Bible, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James.12. P30-31名词解释 问答(文艺复兴：全答；人文主义：第三点)1) Renaissance 定义：The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It s
11、prang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2) Features of Renaissance:The one is the thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.The Renaissance is the keen interests in the activities of humanity.3) Humanism 定义：Humanism is the keynote of the Renaissance. It r
12、eflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, which saw the world opening before it. According to the humanists, both men and the world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all e
13、xternal checks by the exercise of reason.13. P40-42 选择 判断 填空1) Edmund Spenser代表作：The Faerie Queene仙后2) The Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞体）定义：The Faerie Queene is written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme
14、ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.14. P43 诗歌翻译A gentle Knight was pricking(=spurring) on the plaine, 一位高贵的骑士正策马穿过平原，Y-cladd(=clad) in mightie armes and silver shielde, 他全副武装，手持银盾， Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remain, 盾上仍留着陈旧的深深的凹痕， The cruell markes of many a
15、bloody fielde; 这残酷的标记来自多次血腥的战阵； Yet armes till that time did he never wield: 但这些武器至今他还未用过； His angry steede did chide his foming(=foaming) bitt, 他那愤怒的坐骑暴躁地咬着马勒， As much disdayning to the curbe to yield: 似乎桀骜不驯，不愿受主人的控制； Full jolly Knight he seemed , and faire did sitt, 他看上去是位真正的骑士，端坐马上， As one for k
16、nightly giusts and fierce en counters fitt. 好像准备参加骑士比武，迎接激烈对抗。15. P46-47 填空文艺复兴四大戏剧类型：1） The miracle play奇迹剧 2） The morality play道德剧3） The interlude插剧（幕间剧）4） The classical drama经典戏剧（古典剧）16. P51 选择 填空 判断Marlowe（马洛）代表作：Tamburlaine帖木儿, The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人, Doctor Faustus浮士德博士.17. P54问答 Social signi
17、ficance of Marlowes plays:1) These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable appetite for power. In Tamburlaine, it is ambition. In Doctor Faustus, desire for knowledge. In The Jew of Malta, greed for wealth.
18、2) The theme of Marlowes plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.18. P55问答 Marlowes literary achievement:Marlowe was the greatest of pioneers of English dram
19、a. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama. His blank verse is a living thing; it is vigorous, fluid and precise.19. P55 判断 填空 选择1) William Sha
20、kespeare（1564.4.23-1616.4.23）was born in Stratford-on-Avon.2) 莎士比亚四大悲剧：哈姆雷特Hamlet奥赛罗Othello李尔王King Lear麦克白Macbeth20. P87-88 问答题Reasons of the melancholy（忧郁）of Hamlet1) It is said not without reason that the keynote of Hamlets character is melancholy, and there can be no Hamlet without melancholy. Bu
21、t his melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind. (personality)2) He seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him. Revenge is easy, but it is not
22、 merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks. What is more important is to expose the root of the evil and to establish a reign of justice. His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of society. (sense of responsibility for transforming the society)3) Thus, Hamlets mental world
23、has gone through the shock of a personal wrong to an awakening of his great responsibility in reforming the world as a whole. But to realize his ideal in his own time was beyond him. This and this only, is the cause of Hamlets profound melancholy and his delay in revenge. So Hamlets profound melanch
24、oly shows, in a way, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries. (crisis of humanism)21. P91-93 问答 名词解释（现实主义的定义？）Features of Shakespeares drama1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. “Realism,” according to Engels, “implies, be
25、sides truth in detail, the truthful reproduction of typical characters under typical circumstances.”2) Shakespeares dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.3) Shakespeares long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for
26、 play-writing.4) Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the drama blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. In his hand, it became a most flexible means of expression to utter all the possible thoughts and feelings of his characters. 5
27、) Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer. He used about 16,000 words. Many of his new coinage and turns of expression have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bibl
28、e are the two great treasuries of the English language.22. P116-117 选择 填空 判断1) John Donne: the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry2) The works of the metaphysical（玄学派）poets are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.3) Donne is a poet of peculiar conceits, having h
29、is own way of reasoning and comparison.23. P117 诗歌翻译I fix mine eye on thine, and there 我凝视着你的眼睛，Pity my picture burning in thine eye; 我看见那燃烧的我，My picture drownd in a transparent tear, 淹没在透明的泪水中。When I look lower I espy; Hadst thou the wicked skill By pictures made and marrd, to kill? How many ways m
30、ightst thou perform thy will? Holy Sonnets 圣十四行诗 by John Donne 约翰邓恩Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay? 主你创造了我，你的作品难道该毁坏吗！Repair me now, for now mine end doth haste, 现在修理我吧，因为现在我的末路即将来临。I run to death, and death meets me as fast, 我奔向死亡，而死神同样快速来和我会面。And all my pleasures are like yesterday; 所有
31、我的快乐已经是过眼云烟。I dare not move my dim eyes any way, 我不敢转移我混沌的目光，Despair behind, and death before doth cast 绝望在身后，死神的阴影已在眼前。Such terror, and my feebled flesh doth waste 何端恐惧，我脆弱的肉体已糜烂。By sin in it, which it towards hell doth weigh. 由于其中的种种罪，沉重地把我推坠向地狱。Only thou art above, and when towards thee 只有高高在上的你，
32、如果能向你，By thy leave I can look, I rise again; 通过你的许可，抬起我的目光，我又会站起。But our old subtle foe so tempteth me, 但是我们那狡猾的敌人却如此诱惑我。That not one hour I can myself sustain; 即使是一个小时我也不能持续。Thy grace may wing me to prevent his art, 你的恩德将会扶持我逃避他的计策。And thou like adamant draw mine iron heart. 而且你像磁铁似的吸引我那铁一般的心。24. P
33、126-127 名词解释The Enlightenment in Europe（欧洲启蒙运动）: The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, sta
34、gnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.25. P128 选择 判断 填空Richard Steele代表作 The Tatler 闲话者Joseph Addison 代表作 The Spectator 观察家Jonathan Swift 代表作
35、A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事The Battle of the Books书战26. P134问答Steeles and Addisons contribution to English literature:1) Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2) They give a true picture of social life of England in the 18th century. 3) In the hands of Addison and S
36、teele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.27. P143 选择 判断 填空Swifts pamphlets on Ireland (the Irish series) reached its climax in A Modest Proposal (1729)
37、.28. P150问答Significance of Robinson Crusoe: 1) Replay of the evolution of human beings. 2) Glorification of labor. 3) The brilliance of capitalist civilization.29. P153 选择 判断 填空 1) Daniel Defoe 代表作 Robinson Crusoe 2) Samuel Richardson was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer. 代表作 Pame
38、la, or, Virtue Rewarded 3) Henry Fielding 代表作 Joseph Andrews（a parody of Pamela 戏仿之作）30. P154 问答Significance of Pamela:1) It discarded the improbable and marvelous accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.2) Its intention was to afford not mere
39、ly entertainment but also moral instruction.3) It described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was the first English psycho-analytical novel.31. P211 问答Romanticism 定义和流派： Amid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary tr
40、end. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in political attitudes, they split i
41、nto two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e., the merry old England, as their ideal, or, frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns of in
42、dustry, they were turning to nature for protection. These were the elder and sometimes called passive or escapist romanticists, represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Others expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a futu
43、re society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.32. P216 诗歌翻译 Lucy by William Wordsworth“Shedweltamongtheuntroddenways 她住在人迹罕至的乡野BesidethespringsofDove, 在那白鸽泉边，Amaidtherewasnonetopraise 她是一位少女，无
44、人赞美亦少有人爱怜。Avioletbyamossystone 她是青苔石旁一株紫罗兰Halfhiddenfromtheeye! 半隐着不为人见！Fairasastar,whenonlyone 美丽如星，Isshinninginthesky. 孑然闪耀在中天。Shelivedunknown,andfewcouldknow 她生不为人所赏，WhenLucyceasedtobe; 死亦少人感伤；Butsheisinhergravenow,andoh, 可她现已长眠地下，Thedifferencetome!” 天哪，我的世界变了模样！“A slumber did my spirit seal; 安眠封
45、闭了我的灵魂，I had no human fears: 人世的恐惧忘却磬尽，She seemed a thing that could not feel 她已回归自然，The touch of earthly years. 对岁月的感觉荡然无存。No motion has she now, no force; 纹丝不动，了无声息，She neither hears nor sees; 闭目不视，充耳不闻，Rolled round in earths diurnal course 她陪着山脉，伴着木石，With rocks, and stones, and trees.” 追随大地昼夜飞驰的转轮。14