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1、湖北工业大学2010年毕业论文外文翻译 06环境工程煤基微滤炭膜的制备及在含油废水处理中的应用XXXX碳研究实验室和精细化工国家重点实验室，化学工程学院大连理工大学，大连116012，中国初稿定于2005年10月10日，修订于2005年12月26日，定稿于2005年12月28日摘要使用挤压法可以低成本得到用于含有废水处理的煤基微滤碳膜的管状框架结构。在研究孔径对膜的影响中考察在处理含有废水过程中含油废水流体的膜压和流量以及过滤速度。结果表明以煤基微滤碳膜在处理含油废水领域是非常可行的。对于碳薄膜推荐的操作条件：1微米孔径和0.10MPa的膜压以及0.1米/秒流速。以煤基微滤炭膜处理含油污水的的
2、除油率高达97，油的浓度小于10mg / L时，则可达到中国国家废水排放标准。 2006爱思唯尔BV公司版权所有。关键词：微滤;炭膜;煤;应用;含油废水1介绍含油废水使很多行业产生的主要污染物。传统的处理方法如重力分离和表面清除法，空气分离法，demulsyfing，混凝和絮凝法经常不能有效地解决这个问题，尤其是当油滴相当分散时，其中油滴直径小于20微米1时。如今，一些新的技术已经应用于含有废水的处理因其高效的除油率以及非常低的成本。其中，膜分离技术已被发现是一种对含油污水的有效处理方法，因为除油效率高，能耗低，无化学添加剂和占用空间小。在过去的几年，膜技术的发展迅猛，如微滤2,3，超滤4纳滤
3、5和反渗透6，都被应用于含有废水的处理。 这些膜主要是由高分子膜和陶瓷膜组件构成。碳薄膜，作为一种新型的多孔无机膜，是一种处理含有废水的高效膜材料，由于其在蒸汽和溶剂中的稳定性（蒸气或溶剂，并非氧化性酸或碱和高温高压环境中运行）10-12。此文主要目标是探讨煤基微滤炭膜的制备，煤基在中国含量丰富。此法准备用于申请含油废水处理专利。2实验2.1 物料其在表1中列出的属性。可以看出，表1中的煤炭是宁夏无烟煤，其碳含量高，挥发分适中灰分含量低，这是一个良好煤基炭膜制备原料。准备过程如图2-1显示。 煤炭首先被研成微粒，然后与黏合剂混合，由一台2.5 - 3.0MPa液压挤压机挤入一个10毫米外径管中
4、。自然干燥后，管状膜是在900CAr气环境中以每小时三摄氏度的冷却速度冷却到室温。煤炭样品分析表：表1：各组分数据样品直接分析最终分析湿份灰分挥发性物质碳氢氧宁夏煤2.343.1315.7087.251.063.54 2.2炭膜的表征煤炭为主的碳膜的孔结构特征在室温异丙醇和氮气porometry气体液体环境中用湿泡影压力方法测量。 平均毛孔大小和毛孔大小分布计算建议使用的方法13。 多孔性用中国国民标准方法测量。碳膜表面形态学的观察使用扫描电子显微镜术(JSM-5600)。2.3微滤炭膜处理含油废水原油与自来水混合得到了所需处理废水，以转速5500均匀搅拌10分钟。该实验装置示意图如图3.1。
5、含油废水由螺杆泵送入。流量通过流量计测量。跨膜压力和流速通过调节阀门操控。截留系数（R）是计算按百分比计算。（1） (2-1)其中CF是原料中油含量，Cp为虑后浓度。供稿的油浓度和渗透分析采用紫外分光光度法（UV7500）。油滴的大小由XSP的- 2XC光学显微镜观察得到。煤炭 粉碎 粘合剂混合 成型 碳化 碳膜 图2-1碳膜制作过程3结果和讨论3.1制备煤基微滤炭膜在含油废水处理，碳孔径对膜分离性能有很大的影响。因此追求越来越高的除油效率时，对膜孔大小的选择是非常重要的。在制备碳膜时，炭化过程中膜孔结构的碳是由进化的小分子分解产生的气体通过在煤颗粒之间的空间挥发性和填充粘合剂相互影响形成。煤
6、的颗粒大小会确定孔隙结构和炭膜孔径。因此，微滤炭膜的不同孔径大小可通过控制煤炭粒度操控这项工作。4，11和20微米的孔径常是制备煤基微滤炭膜的选择。影响碳薄膜的性能的因素列于表2和图3-1可以看出，随着煤粒尺寸增加，炭膜平均孔径也增大了，孔径分布越广泛，纯水通量增加，但其孔隙度减少。三种碳膜SEM照片（如图所示3.3）表明，碳膜具有表面光滑均匀结构，随着煤颗粒减小，孔隙结构减少膜成型越好。上述结果还表明，煤基微滤炭膜具有均匀孔隙结构与高孔隙度。 表3-1 三种膜的特性分析碳粒的平均粒径（m）膜的特性膜孔径（m）孔隙率%面积（）流量(L/m2h)40.645.630.0275 230.1111.
7、042.150.0275450.7161.439.940.0275530.6 图3.1 流程示意图的物料横向流动的微系统。(1)，2-7螺杆泵,12-15;(6),17-19、22、23)阀;(8-10)水箱,(11);(16，20）流量计;(21,25)压力表:(24)膜组件。3.2煤基微滤炭膜对含油废水的处理3.2.1 孔大小的影响不同膜孔大小的微滤碳膜用于处理含油废水时通量不同（0.6，1.0和1.4微米）处理过程如图3.2所示。随着碳膜孔径的增加，初始流量增加。此外，随着过滤时间的增加，每个碳膜的通量迅速下降，含油废水的处理过程中逐步达到一定值，这主要是由污垢和浓差极化引起的。炭膜孔径
8、为0.6微米时，过滤60分钟后通量稳定达在只有20 L/m2 左右。然而，在处理含油废水时孔径为1.0米，1.4米的炭膜会发生一个有趣的现象。1.4米的炭膜会有较高的初始通量，但随时间变化较1.0微米的炭膜通量下降更明显。关于油滴大小由光学显微镜观察如图。6所示。可以看出，油滴尺寸均小于5微米的含油废水，其中有些是1.0微米左右这将导致膜孔径为1.4微米时较1.0微米更容易被堵塞，这导致它的渗透通量快速下降。基于这些结果，1.0 微米孔径被推荐为更适合含油废水处理。图3.2 不等粒径碳粒对膜孔隙的影响3.2.2 跨膜压力对过滤通量的影响跨膜压力是一个关键因素，影响分离含油废水的性能。图.3.3
9、显示过滤通量随时间在0.06，0.10和0.14MPa跨膜压力而变化的过程。由图观察到，高操作压力表现出较高的初始稳定状态，因为驱动力更高。然而，随着操作压力的增加，随时间增长过滤通量下降的程度也有所增加。这表明小油滴更加容易地渗入碳膜表面进入膜毛孔，从而得到阻截。 所以， 0.10MPa横跨膜压力为含油废水处理时建议使用的压力。图3.3 电子显微镜观测图像 a:4m b:11m c:20m3.2.3 污水流速对过滤通量的影响图3.4显示了流速，过滤通量，随时间的变化。速度为0.06，0.08和0.10米/秒结果表明：一个较高流速，将有利于在过滤过程中的稳定阶段保持高过滤通量，高污水流速可以产
10、生高剪切应力并减小膜表面滤饼层厚度，其中本系统的流量模式，将从层流转为湍流（相应的雷诺数分别3390，4538和5660，）。因此，0.10米/秒为对含油废水膜处理建议的流速。表3.4 膜孔径对膜通量的影响 3.2.4 膜的分离性能为了评估碳基膜分离性能对含油废水废水处理过程中的分离性能，以上选择讨论具有1.0微米孔径炭膜对含油废水处理的根据，其结果列于表3。其中规定的条件跨膜压力为0.10MPa和0.10米/秒横流速度。表3所见，无论什么油浓度结果是，石油排斥系数高达97，渗透油的浓度都较低，小于10毫克/升后，煤基微滤炭膜处理法所排放的废水，符合国家排放标准。这表明，以煤基微滤炭膜处理含油
11、废水是可行的。表3.5 油滴粒径表3.6 压力对膜通量的影响 表3.7 流速对膜通量的影响4结论管式微滤炭膜孔隙结构均匀，成本低。通过调整煤粒大小控制碳膜的孔径。在含油废水处理时，碳膜孔径，跨膜压力和横流流速这些因素对废水过滤通量有明显的影响。具有大孔径，高压力更容易堵塞膜孔，过滤通量下降的结果，高横流速度将有利于提高过滤由于高通量对膜表面产生剪应力从而减少泥沙淤积层的高度。碳与膜孔径1.0米，建议处理含油废水的最佳操作条件为跨膜压力差为0.10MPa，横流的速度0.1米/秒。经过煤基微滤炭膜处理，含油污水的油截留系数高达97，而石油的渗透浓度小于10毫克/ L时，可达到国家排放标准。这些结果
12、表明，此法用于处理含油废水是非常可行的。表3膜的分离性能进水含油量mg/l出水含油量mg/l截留率流量1202.7097.864.32502.7498.960.74005.6098.658.2（流量为100时所测）参考资料1 M. Cheryan, N. Rajagopalan, J. Membr. Sci. 151 (1998) 1328.2 J. Mueller, Y.W. Cen, R.H. Davis, J. Membr. Sci. 129 (1997) 221235.3 H. Ohya, J.J. Kim, A. Chinen, M. Aihara, S.I. Semenova, Y
13、. Negishi,O. Mori, M. Yasuda, J. Membr. Sci. 145 (1998) 114.4 M. Gryta, K. Karakulski, A.W. Morawski, Water Res. 35 (2001)36653669.5 W.H. Chan, S.C. Tsao, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 87 (2003) 18031810.6 O. Kutowy, W.L. Thayer, J. Tigner, S. Sourirajan, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod.Res. Dev. 20 (1981) 345361.7 J.M
14、. Benito, S. Ebel, B. Gutierrez, C. Pazos, J. Coca, Water Air SoilPollut. 128 (2001) 181195.8 S.H. Lee, K.C. Chung, M.C. Shin, J.I. Dong, H.S. Lee, K.H. Auh, Mater.Lett. 52 (2002) 266271.9 J. Zhong, X. Sun, C. Wang, Sep. Purif. Technol. 32 (2003) 9398.10 A.F. Ismail, L.I.B. David, J. Membr. Sci. 193
15、 (2001) 118.11 S.M. Saufi, A.F. Ismail, Carbon 42 (2004) 241259.12 P.S. Tin, T.S. Chung, A.J. Hill, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43 (2004)64766483.13 K. Venkataraman, W.T. Choate, E.R. Torre, R.D. Husung, J. Membr.Sci. 39 (1988) 259271. tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50c
16、LmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1
17、DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHh
18、I92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32W
19、GeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGOpinions and suggestions on the partys mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee about carrying out the partys mass line edu
20、cational practice activity in the citys implementation opinions, the spirit of the partys mass line educational practice activities from 20* in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my act
21、ual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance,
22、conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice , party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance w
23、ith the look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassr
24、oots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations , double section provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the twelve plan and the implementation measures for on improving the wo
25、rk style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party memb
26、ers and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the
27、 construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and c
28、ommunity, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres
29、 to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in cl
30、ose contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the partys education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, mo
31、re emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation a
32、nd cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the countys education practice is to seize against four wind this focus o
33、n centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests
34、 of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of rea
35、l implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the four winds outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to
36、 engage in image project, political project, a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dyn
37、amic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bod
38、ies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the c
39、ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristi
40、cs, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-wi
41、n principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the develop
42、ment, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market
43、 competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to buil
44、d a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious rese
45、arch about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.9