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1、中国古代改革与变法专题复习导航（Review and navigation of ancient Chinese reform and political reform）Review and navigation of ancient Chinese reform and political reformReform and opening to the outside world are the main themes of todays development. In the ancient history of China, reform and political reform als
2、o ran through the whole process of historical development. Careful study of the successful experiences and failures of reform and political reform in ancient history is of great significance to Chinas reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive.I. summary of the knowledge systemThe prese
3、nt teaching materials of ancient Chinese history have described more than 10 reforms. According to the nature and causes of the reform is different, can be divided into the following four types: the reform of the slave society fuguoqiangbing; new social transformation reform; reform the feudal socie
4、ty interior modulation rule policy; the reform of national minority feudalization.(a) the slave society fuguoqiangbing reformThe reform of Guan Zhong in 685 BC, the Duke appointed Guan Zhong, reform. In politics and military, we should push the system of dividing the country and the wild into admini
5、stration and army unification. In the economic aspect, the implementation of mine area is evenly divided and phase to decline, according to the number of land and the quality of farmland levy taxes. Guan Zhong soon became the reform of the Qi State in the spring and Autumn period of Eastern powers,
6、laid a solid foundation for jihuangong hegemony.(two) the reform of the old and new social transition,1. Lu levy by acre in the spring and Autumn period, along with the progress of productive forces and the feudal mode of production, the system tends to collapse. In 594 BC, the implementation of fir
7、st tax mu, provisions of the public fields to levy tax on the basis of the national program. Although the purpose is to increase state revenue, but by changing the tax system publicly confirmed the legitimacy of private land, also admitted that the feudal private ownership of land.2. Shang Yangs ref
8、orm, during the Warring States period, the land ownership of the slave owners was largely replaced by the private ownership of the feudal land. The landlord class as the political and economic power grows, the original contradiction and slaveholders stubborn forces more and more deep, have demanded
9、reforms in politics, the abolition of slave owners the privilege of the development of the feudal economy, the establishment of the rule of the landlord class. A series of reforms and political reform movements have appeared in various countries. One of the most important is Wei Li Kui reform, Chu W
10、uqi reform especially the reform of Shang Yang effect of Qins largest. After more than 100 years of political reform, the new feudal system was finally established in each vassal state. In 356 BC and 350 BC, Shang Yang in the audience under the support of two political reform. The main contents of t
11、he first reform are: why the Wu, implement sit; restraining, reward Gengzhi; military awards, according to the military by the prince; burnt out poetry and decrees. The main contents are: second the uniform weights and measures for waste; feudalism, county system; waste mine, open qianmo. Shang Yang
12、s reform abolished the hereditary privileges of the slave owners, promoted the development of the feudal economy, and strengthened the centralized system of the landlord class, which was essentially a political revolution of the landlord class. After Shang Yangs political reform, Qin was soon prospe
13、rous and laid the foundation for the unification of the six states. But the cruel effect of cruel torture and cultural coercion is also obvious. The Shang Yang reform was strongly opposed by the slave owners. After the death of Shang Yang was with the audience, Julie punishment, but Shang Yang refor
14、m to adapt to the trend of historical development, Shang Yang is dead, has become the Qin law, Shang Yangs reform measures to continue in the Qin, Qin legalist thought has become the dominant political ideology.(three) the reform of the ruling policy in feudal societyChinese in the long feudal socie
15、ty, the reform of the ruling class interior modulation rule policy, are: Wang Mang reform; Northern Zhou Dynasty reform; Yang Yans two law; Zhou Shizong chairong reform; Northern Song Dynasty Qingli and the reform of Wang Anshi Zhang Juzheng in the late Ming Dynasty; reform.1. Wang Mang restructurin
16、g in the year 9, Wang Mang usurped later, in order to solve the legacy of various social contradictions, the reform. The main contents are: change the world field as Wang Tian, to prohibit the sale of slaves; will be changed to private,Prohibit the sale; reforming the currency, cast a lot of money,
17、2.4 times the equivalent weight of five strains of money, but when the five line 50 with money. The reform of Wang Mang seriously violated the law of social development, failed to achieve the desired goal, intensified all kinds of social contradictions, and finally led to the overthrow of the Wang M
18、ang regime in the peasant uprising.2. Northern Zhou Dynasty Zhou emperor ascended the throne after the reform, carried out a series of reforms, the main measures are: to strengthen the centralization of power, politics, economy, officials rectification; release slaves, punish conceal fields, Hukou b
19、ureaucratic clan religion, Buddhism; implementation of mandatory policy, a large number of monks and nuns to engage in agricultural production; the military. The implementation of Fubing, the expansion of troops. After a series of reform, Zhou soon strong, then out of the Northern Qi Dynasty, unifie
20、d the the Yellow River River basin.3. of the two tax law background: Yang Yan Tianbao, land sale and merger prevails, land equalization system and zuyongdiao system can not be implemented, the state revenue is greatly reduced. Practice: in order to solve the financial difficulties, 780 years, Tang D
21、ezong accepted Prime Minister Yang Yans proposal, the implementation of the two tax law. The two tax law: household assets to pay household tax; tax levy to cancel all taxes; tax reconciliation, Dickinson a year; summer and autumn two tax. Positive role and significance: two, the implementation of t
22、he tax law is a major reform and progress in the history of the feudal social tax system in china. It is a unified tax system, to ensure the national tax in a certain period of time; has changed since the Warring States period to the population based tax system, not to people-oriented, only to the a
23、ssets of the cases indicates that the feudal government for peasants who control the relaxed; two the provisions of the tax law to tax the nobles, bureaucrats and businessmen. To expand the tax base, also relatively lighten the burden on the people. Limitations: the land annexation is no longer rest
24、ricted more and more serious; the big landlords and trying to conceal the property, and the tax shifting to the peasants, the government has increased a lot in the tax burden on farmers exorbitant tax levies, more heavy.After 4. Zhou Shizong chairong reform background: the latter part of the Five Dy
25、nasties, the unity of the growing trend, peoples desire for reunification, there is an urgent need for a stable production and living environment, and the split situation has become the cultural exchange and development of regional economy, obstacles. Therefore, the realization of national reunifica
26、tion is the inevitable requirement of social and economic development. The rulers of the countries reformed in order to consolidate the rule. Among them, during the reign of Chai Rong after Zhou Shizong, trying to get rid of the five generation of maladministration, the most obvious effect. The main
27、 measures of Zhou Shizongs reform: in politics, strict discipline and punishment of corrupt officials; the inhibition, strengthen the power of central government. In the economy, to appease the refugees, cultivated fields, approved the land, both taxes, relief Caitai harsh convergence; Buddhist monk
28、s and nuns, enable the government to control the land and labor is increasing. In the military, rectifying the army, strengthen training, serious discipline, eliminate old and make military forces, after much more than other regime. Evaluation: Zhou Shizongs reform conforms to the situation, enhance
29、 the strength of the Northern Song Dynasty, later end split situation, laid the foundation for reunification. Zhou Shizong is a promising politician and reformer.The 5. song Qingli and Wang Anshi reform background: the Northern Song Dynasty, the ruling group is facing serious social crisis, land ann
30、exation, redundant official, redundancy and redundancy costs phenomenon is very serious, leading to sharp class contradictions, the peasants revolt struggle have occurred. In order to get rid of the crisis, the mid Northern Song Dynasty carried out Qingli and the reform of Wang Anshi. Qingli: in 104
31、3, Song Renzong appointed Fan Zhongyan as canzhizhengshi on malpractice reform. Fan Zhongyan proposed to rectify the official centered reform. Song Renzong adopted most of their opinions, the implementation of qingli. The main contents are: strict official promotion and evaluation system; limit chil
32、dren and relatives by bureaucratic en adorable an official; at all levels to strengthen the Executive Paul and selected; and cut the county, reduce the LORD; serious central government credibility. Qingli violated the conservative bureaucratic interests, strong opposition and frustrate their.Only a
33、year or so, the reform measures will be abolished. The reform of Wang Anshi Song Shenzong: on 1069, the appointment of Wang Anshi canzhizhengshi, presiding. Wang Anshis political reform measures have three main aspects. First, financial measures: Qingmao law; Muyi law; irrigation method; square farm
34、land tax law; trade law. Second, military measures: Baojia law; the art of war. Third, the education reform measures: the imperial examination system; rectify the imperial college. Evaluation: Wang Anshis reform movement was carried out in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty when class contradic
35、tions and national contradictions were very sharp. Through the reform, the governments revenue is increasing, many water conservancy projects around the building, a lot of land into farmland, military strength is enhanced. The reverse of the Northern Song Dynasty since the middle of the poor and wea
36、k situation in a certain extent. Wang Anshi was called the greatest reformer of China in Eleventh Century by Lenin. However, the new law in the implementation process, due to improper use, there are some people against the phenomenon; the more important is that the law violated the big landlords and
37、 big bureaucratic interests to a certain extent, strongly opposed by them; some local officials refused to implement the new law. After Song Shenzongs death, the conservative Sima Guang was appointed prime minister, and the new law was abolished.6. Zhang Juzheng reform in 1581, Prime Minister Zhang
38、Juzheng of the Ming Dynasty, in order to ease the class contradictions, the reform of the tax system, in the implementation of the law. A method of the contents are: tax levy silver: the original land tax, taxes and corvee, and a folded into the silver; in the past, Ding collection service in the fi
39、eld of silver, sharing, according to the amount of land and population to share.Evaluation: the law is a major reform of tax system in Chinas history. Silver service regulations, to adapt to the needs of the development of commodity economy, is conducive to the commercialization of agriculture and t
40、he growth of capitalism; provisions of nano silver behalf, relatively reduced farmer burden, at the same time that the relaxation of the feudal state peasants personal attachment relationship.(four) the typical reform of minority nationality;Emperor Xiaowen reform: Emperor Xiaowen, the chaos, financ
41、ial difficulties, the North has been nomadic threat. Due to the long-term exchanges and mutual influence of the ethnic groups, the trend of national integration has emerged in the north. In this condition, Emperor Xiaowen reformed. The main contents: rectify the official; II issued Tian Ling; the ca
42、pital Luoyang; the study of Han culture. Evaluation: Emperor Xiaowen reform to conform to the trend of historical development and trend. He adopted a series of measures to promote the political and economic development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and helped to stabilize the Political Bureau of the
43、Northern Wei and increase government revenue. Emperor Xiaowen reform promotes the Xianbei feudal, the national fusion creates conditions. Emperor Xiaowen is the history of ancient Chinas outstanding statesman and reformer.Two, several points of understanding: 1. The reason for the reform is actually
44、 the basic contradiction between the productive forces and the productive relations, the economic base and the superstructure, and the inevitable result of the movement is not transferred by human will. 2, the essence of the reform is to make necessary adjustments, updates and modifications to some
45、links of production relations and superstructure which are not suited to the requirements of the development of productive forces. Therefore, the reform is also a broad and profound revolution. 3, the reform is a new pioneering career, will inevitably encounter various obstacles, the reform process
46、is arduous and tortuous, signs of danger appearing everywhere. Therefore the reform not only need a firm belief, need more firm and indomitable will and courage never yield in spite of reverses. The major reforms in history have been strongly opposed by the old nobility, the big bureaucrats and the
47、big landlords, and some have even been defeated by the obstruction of the conservative forces. 4, the measures for reform must meet the needs of the development of productive forces, conform to the laws of social development and conform to the wishes and demands of the people, so as to promote social progress and the development of productive forces. Otherwise, the reform is unsustainable. For example, Wang Mang reform.