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1、英语口语复述原则与实践纲要汉语部分对复述的基本原则要求和基本方法进行了简单概括，所涉及的具体技能和训练方法请阅读英语部分说明。一、复述能力要求根据中国人民大学英语口语能力标准（p5-p6），英语复述要求为：l 能够复述听到（音频）或看到（视频）的故事、传记、新闻报道或事件报道等内容。要求表达连贯，内容完整，语言规范，语气与情感表达恰当。l 能够熟练运用人称转换、时态转换、归纳概括以及记录要点等基本复述技巧。二、测试形式中国人民大学英语口语水平测试大纲（p4-p5）对复述部分的测试形式进行了解释：要求考生先听或看指定语言材料（只播放一次），听或看的过程中可以在考场提供的空白纸张上记笔记，语言材料
2、播放完毕后开始复述。语言材料包括音频或视频。测试时长3分钟。该部分测试为单人面试的形式，2位考官考核1位考生。三、复述基本原则、技能与实践方法复述分为两个步骤：第一步听记，第二步复述。相关原则、技能和实践方法在每一个步骤中分开简述。（一）听记过程该过程涉及到两个方面：确定记录内容以及提高记录速度。这两个方面密切相关。1. 如何确定记录内容复述需要考生在短时间内尽可能多的信息，一般测试用的1.5分钟左右的音（视）频资料有200字左右的文本。单独依靠记忆，复述时很难保证内容的完整性和准确性，因此考生在听或看的过程中需要记录要点。通常书写速度要远低于录音中的语速，即使是英语为母语的人手写速度也仅为每
3、分钟30词左右，中国学生的速度还会更慢些。如果按照听写的习惯做笔记，那么写完一两句话后，其余大部分的内容都会错过。因此考生只能记录关键信息，这些信息多为实词（动词、名词、形容词和副词），在文中通常重读，易于辨认。功能词/虚词（连词、副词、代词、介词、冠词、非实义动词）通常为非重读词汇，听记时可跳过不写，复述时根据对原文的整体理解和语法知识复原。如缩写 “mor” 可以代表in the morning。建议同学们结合后面英文部分的听记实例，认真学习超越概念听力中 Listening Strategies部分的听记技巧详解，并观看口语标准网上葛晓华老师的相关视频讲座。2. 提高记录速度即使是记录关
4、键信息，一篇200词的文章可能有数十个单词需要记录，因此提高手写速度很重要。可以自己培养并训练简单的速记手法，比如写下关键词开头的2-3个字母来作为复述时的提示，如hu代替husband，wi代替wife。在了解听力材料大意后，借助hu和wi进行复述时，就不太可能会错误联想到hurry和wifi。更多实例和练习可参见英语讲解的Part II。建议同学们在平日练习时建立自己习惯的速记体系，英语部分提供的仅供参考，缩写不一定只是单词开头几个字母。（二）复述过程复述时，通常要先用一句话总结整个故事或报道的主旨大意，然后对主体内容进行改写式复述。改写时需要从词汇短语和句子两个层次考虑。复述不同于背诵，
5、要求在理解原文的基础上使用自己的语言表达，不是单纯依赖原文原词原句。本部分评分标准请阅读口语标准9-11页的详细说明。复述过程中，语言准确性、表达连贯性和内容完整性等要求较容易理解。不同的题材对于语气与情感表达的要求请参考朗读部分的要求。这里重点介绍内容重构方面的要求和方法。1. 遵循原始素材的结构对于故事复述来说，应注意故事的核心要素：时间、地点、人物和情节。人物关系、时间顺序、情节发展要点要与原文符合。对于报道，选材通常为说明或议论性质的文体，多数不以时间为主线，复述时应抓住主要结构，如事件、影响、评论等。在完成速记开始复述前，可以将要点迅速用笔圈成不同板块。2. 内容尽可能详实，但要忠实
6、于原文复述时应尽量详尽地重述听到或看到的信息，但不应随意添加与原始素材无关的信息或学生自己的评论。比如视频报道中，记者就幸福指数在街头随机采访时，画面里出现的汽车、商店或行人与主题无关则不可加以描述。但如果是关于购物的报道，如视频中只出现购物场景，且持续一定时间，而同时无旁白时，视觉信息则需要进行描述。3. 同义改写原文（Paraphrasing）同义改写，即用自己的语言进行表达是复述的核心要求之一。复述时只能保留借用部分原始表达，不能机械背诵所有原文，需要对原文进行再创作。同义改写可分为词、句两个层次：1）词汇或短语的同义替换，主要是实词的改写。2）简化句式结构，将复杂句变短。报道类材料复杂
7、句较多，在参考笔记进行复述时，经常需要利用关键词重新造句，可以根据主要的意思进行改写。注意在句子数量增加时，因补充句子成分的需要，复述使用的词汇数量也会增加，同时部分词汇的词性需要改变。具体实例见英语部分讲解。4. 人称或引语的转换人称转换可能发生在引语转换过程中，但也可能发生在其它地方。比如故事讲述人以“I”的人称进行讲述时需要转换为对应的名词或第三人称代词。这里人称转换和引语转换分开来讨论。 1) 人称转换故事讲述人的“I”需要根据故事的内容来判断人物身份，复述第一次提到的时候需要使用名词。如果讲述人未提及自己的身份，复述时一开始可以用“The speaker”“The man/woman
8、”。如果提到具体身份，如国籍、职业、年龄或姓名等，则换用相应的名词，如The American salesman，或The old man。后面与代词“He/She”或“they”轮流使用。代词使用的频率要高于名词，比如用两次代词就可以换一次名词。报道复述中有时候也需要有人称转换。有些报道一开始先对听众观众提问题，比如Have you? Do you? 然后导入主题。这时候不宜直接背诵原始问题，否则听起来像是在问考官问题，不符合复述要求。这时候可以转换人称，类似于直接引语转为间接引语，但因为原文中是直接提问，而不是引用别人的原话，因此这并不属于直接引语转换。2）引语转换故事或报道复述中，直接引
9、语经常需要转换为间接引语，这种转换属于高中语法知识。部分例子参看英语部分的说明，如果记不清转换要求，自行查阅语法教材搜索参考百度百科。需要注意的一点是，复述时，多数时候时态需与原文保持一致，不需调整，否则可能会违反忠实原则。如故事多为过去各类式时态，新闻报道题材则各种时态都有可能出现。多数时态变换主要出现在直接引语转换为间接引语中，不属于独立的技能。引语转换也有部分例外。比如报道中采访人的话常常就是直接引语，如果受访人使用了“We”或“You”来泛指所有人（包括听者），那么人称不必转换，只进行同义替换和句式结构转换即可。复述技能练习建议：同学们可以结合朗读复述100篇中的61-100篇，练习速
10、记，口头练习复述所需的同义替换、句式简化和人称及引语转换等技能。同时可以充分利用好现有教材，比如高级英语视听说1和超越概念听力中Passage和News部分可以用来进行复述练习。Principles and Practice of RetellingPart I. Introduction In this section, a short story or report of around 1.5 minutes will be played back to students, who are required to retell it in their own words rather th
11、an reciting what they have heard word by word. The retelling may take a maximum of 1.5 minutes.A story usually takes the form of audio recording and a report can be either an audio recording or a video clip. Some of the principles or skills of retelling overlap but some differ a lot, which will be f
12、urther explained in the following sections. Please check SOPE and TOPE RUC for the detailed description of the standards and grading system.Part II. Principles and Practice of RetellingRetelling involves two major steps: while-listening and retelling. Related principles and skills will be introduced
13、 in these steps. Step 1: While-listeningIt is great to have a sharp memory and print everything in ones mind. However, it is virtually impossible to memorize all the important information for long. Thus students need to take notes while listening. Given that students cannot write down every word of
14、the testing material, they will have to rely on those key words necessary for rebuilding the story or report. More importantly, students must improve their speed of writing to cover as much information as possible. Here are some tips for this step.Tip 1: ONLY take notes of key information:Key inform
15、ation refers to words or phrases (not complete sentences) to help restore the story or report. They are usually content words, i.e. nouns, notional verbs, adjectives and adverbs, which are stressed or read more clearly than functional words, i.e. some conjunctions (and, as, etc.), pronouns, preposit
16、ions, and non-notional verbs (auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, and different forms of the link verb “be”).Students may browse the following story and pay attention to the underlined words needed to jot down while listening. Then they can check it against the recording of essay 61 in the 100 Essays For
17、Reading Aloud And Retelling.61. Christmas CardsIt was two weeks before Christmas, and Mrs Smith was very busy. She bought a lot of Christmas cards to send to her friends and to her husbands friends, and put them on the table in the living-room. Then, when her husband came home from work, she said to
18、 him, Here are the Christmas cards for our friends, and here are some stamps, a pen and our book of addresses. Will you please write the cards while I am cooking the dinner?Mr Smith did not say anything, but walked out of the living-room and went to his study. Mrs Smith was very angry with him, but
19、did not say anything either.Then a minute later he came back with a box full of Christmas cards. All of them had addresses and stamps on them. These are from last year, he said. I forgot to post them.With these words, students will find it easier to rebuild the story. The notes may take the followin
20、g form, and to save time, students can leave out most punctuations or connectors. But it is advisable that key words in each sentence be noted down in a single line to avoid confusion in the reproduction.two weeks Christmas Mrs Smith very busy bought Christmas cards send friends husbands friends put
21、 table living-roomhusband came home worksaid Christmas cards friends, stamps, pen book addresses please write cards cooking dinnerMr Smith not say anythingwalked out living-room went study Mrs Smith very angry not say anything eitherminute later came back box full Christmas cardshad addresses stamps
22、. last year said forgot postThe words omitted can be recovered by students with memory and grammatical knowledge. As they can listen to the recording once only, some key words may be missing in the note taking. Students will have to rely on their general understanding of the story or report to make
23、up for that. Required techniques will be discussed in Step 2. Tip 2: Improve the speed of note takingStenography (速记) means writing very quickly using special signs or shorter forms for words or phrases. It is a skill which is used to get more information within a given time. Students may build thei
24、r own system of stenography, especially for those frequently used words or phrases. Since people tend to complete a word before moving on to the next, it calls for some practice to get used to stenography of their own. For most of the content words, students may just jot down the first two or three
25、letters for later reference. These will remind them of the complete words in the recording. For example, “tomorrow” can be shortened as “to”. In a given context, these two letters will not remind students of “today” or a name in the reproduction. The following are some examples with suggested shorte
26、ned forms (not just the first two letters). Students are advised to expand the list on their own and familiarize themselves with these forms. The categories of words can go on too. In a given context, even if there are shortened words with the same two or three letters, they will not be easily confu
27、sed unless there is alliteration, which is not likely to appear in a story or report. Students may think about te(acher) te(a) te(ars). In most cases, these coincidences will take place in different sentences and this will not create confusion. Therefore, they can just feel free to use the shortened
28、 forms of the key words.Examples of Shortened Words of Peoplefa-fathermo-motherdt-daughterhu-husbandwi-wifefri-friend(s)m-manw-womanld-ladygtn-gentleman/gentlemen dr-doctortr-teacherfm-farmerExamples of Shortened Words of Place/Locationhm-homerm-roomvlg-villageco-companyExamples of Shortened Words o
29、f Actionak-askedtd-toldsd-saidst-stand/stoodwk-work(ed)cm-came/comesi-sitwt-wenttk-thinkchg-changegn-gonelv-leavelf-leftmv-move(d)stp-stop(ped)Examples of Shortened Words of Emotionang-angryhap-happywrd-worriedgld-gladanx-anxiousExamples of Shortened Words Particular to Reportswd-worldcy-countrysv-s
30、urveyrpt-reportagr-agricultureidt-industrymv-movietec-technologygv-governmentrs-researchecn-economy/economicfin-finance/financialldr-leadered-educationwst-websiteWith the use of shortened words, the notes of the story Christmas Cards may look like this: 2 weeks Chr Mrs Smi bz bo Chr car sen fri hus
31、fri put tab liv roohus cam hm wksaid Christmas cards friends, stamps, pen book addresses please write cards cooking dinnerMr Smith not say anythingwalked out living-room went study Mrs Smith very angry not say anything eitherminute later came back box full Christmas cardshad addresses stamps. last y
32、ear said forgot post Supplementary exercises for improving stenographyStudents are encouraged to get familiar with their own system of stenography by 1. noting down the key words while READING and 2. noting down the key words while LISTENING. Curb the impulse to write down every letter of a word!Dir
33、ections: Take notes of the following texts while reading and time your note taking. Please do not read the texts twice.Text 1:Next Thursday is the scariest day of the year in America. No, its not tax day. It is Halloween!Many people, young and old, are busy preparing. They are getting their costumes
34、 ready, looking forward to making a change in appearance on the big day. Others are adding Halloween or seasonal decorations around their home and buying candy. Like most holidays, Halloween can be a costly event.In fact, the National Retail Federation says Americans are expected to spend about $2.6
35、 billion just for costumes. It says the special clothing is not just for children either. Adults also dress up and some of them even dress up the pet dog or cat!The National Retail Federation gathers information about American shopping and sales of goods. It says Americans on average will spend abou
36、t $75 dollars for the holiday. This includes costumes, candy and decorations. The group says total spending is expected to be $6.9 billion.That is a big number. But, it is less than the amount Americans spent last year. Halloween 2012 cost celebrants about eight billion dollars.The National Retail F
37、ederation says fewer Americans are expected to take part in the holiday this year. In 2012, the group says, 170 million people celebrated. That was an all-time high. This year, it expects fewer than 160 million people will mark the holiday.And what are the millions wearing this year? The group says
38、the number one costume for young children is that of a princess. Animal costumes are next. Batman characters are rated third.The favored look for adults is the costume of a witch. Batman and vampires come second and third.The pumpkin costume is most popular for dogs and cats.One new costume this yea
39、r is based on a character in the popular television show Breaking Bad. The TV series is about a chemistry teacher who starts making the illegal drug methamphetamine to sell. The costume looks like the protective suit and gas mask worn in the meth laboratory. But, we do not expect it to be seen on th
40、e average trick-or-treater!Text 2:The path to prison often starts at a young age. One way to keep young offenders out of the criminal justice system is called restorative justice.One of the first non-profits organizations to use this method is Community Works in Oakland, California. The organization
41、 now handles 100 cases a year, it works in partnership with the district attorneys office and the probation department.Matthew Golde is a prosecutor in the district attorneys office. He says prison is not the best solution for most young people who commit a crime.We know what happens when you incarc
42、erate juveniles for a long period of time. They come out worse. For the vast majority, it is not empirically the best thing to do. So the question is What do we do?Im sorry for my actions on March 17, 2013, when you tried to stop me on the street in Berkeley. There is no excuse for what I did.John i
43、s 16 years old. He got caught tagging, putting graffiti on a building. He tried to run away and hit a police officer while resisting arrest. John is reading his letter of apology to the officer.Instead of a judge, there is a facilitator. Johns parents are attending the conference with the police off
44、icer he attacked. They are sitting in a circle, and speaking directly to each other. Melissa Saavedra is an employee of Community Works, with her assistance, they agree on a restitution plan. John will perform 20 hours of community service and do work at home for his parents. Hes monitored very closely by myself with the support of mom and dad. We go through a plan an