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1、阅读理解考点分类导练一、词义猜测题根据上下文猜测生词的含义是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能, 因此, 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。（一）猜测词语意思要求考生根据语境猜测生词、短语或句子的意思, 或者推断熟词生义。题干中常含有mean, refer to, be replaced by等。如：技巧点拨解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文(也就是人们常说的语境)来推测其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧：1.根据接近或递进关系:由and或or等可确定生词的义域,推知它的大致意义。2.根据选择或相对关系:对比or(要么, 或者)前
2、面和后面的句子或词语, 来猜测生词的含义。3.根据同位或解释关系:通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。4.根据转折或对比关系:由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。5.根据因果关系:根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果,也可由果推因。6.根据列举的实例:根据such as, for example等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。7.根据并列同类关系:一般说来,并列的几个事物应属同类事物, 由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。注意：考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词语的意思, 我们必须通过上下文得出其在特
3、定场合下的特殊意思, 那些常规含义的选项不会是要选择的正确答案。经典例题阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 .Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but
4、 it would be far better if we did not bring so much material home in the first place. 61. What does the underlined phrase “that over-consumption” refer to?A. Using too much packaging.B. Recycling too many wastes.C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed.课堂练习阅读所选文
5、段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。(1) Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted befo
6、re the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.31. The underlined word swimmingly
7、 in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. Early B. sweetly C. Quickly D. smoothly(2) When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, its so-and-sos fault.” or “I know Im late, but its not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habi
8、t of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. Th
9、is is the winners key to success.47. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. Avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider(3) We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. “You could win prizes, ” our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on th
10、e blackboard. We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We
11、had plans for that ten dollar grand prize， each and every one of us.47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _. A. formed an idea for B. made an outline forC. made some space for D. chose some colors for(4) Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are fri
12、ends. Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager. “I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weez
13、er album (威瑟乐团的专辑)is really great. How do you like it? ” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.” Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.Today, the
14、generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.41. The underlined word “gulf ” in Para.3 most probably means _.A. Interest B. distance C. Difference D. separation(5) Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960
15、s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有发言权). “My parents were on the before side of that change, but todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side, ” explains Mr. Ballmer.44. By say
16、ing “todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents _.A. follow the trend of the changeB. can set a limit to the changeC. fail to take the change seriouslyD. have little difficulty adjusting to the change课外作业(1) We have two daughters：Kristen is seven
17、years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. The guests arrived. I introduced my two daughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids.Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the young
18、er one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age. I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions.
19、But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child. 56. The underlined expression “make a big to do over” (paragraph 4)means _.A. show much concern about B. have a special effect onC. list jobs to be done for D. do good things for(2) Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high
20、 praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated. Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their e
21、veryday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?60. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1)roughly means _.A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed(3) “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves, ” he said. Scientists are working to use
22、that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind starts out by making little ripples(涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ” Taylor said. “Waves are one of natures ways of picking up energy and th
23、en sending it off on a journey.”65. The underlined phrase “picking up” (paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to _.A. starting again B. speeding up C. gathering D. improving(4) If the world were a village of 1, 000 people. One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age
24、 of 65. Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipment.About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water. Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.62. The underlined part “have access to” (in Para. 4)means _.A. use B. buy C. produce D
25、. try(5) When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.65. The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours _.A. attracted the customers stro
26、nglyB. had weak effects on the customersC. tricked the customers into shoppingD. caused the customers to lose interest（二）判断指代内容要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one等)或代动词(do，does, did等)究竟指代什么。题干中通常含有refer to。技巧点拨 一般说来, 代词的指代内容大多在它的前一句中, 或者前几个句子中, 有时也在它的后一句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理, 与前
27、后的内容是否一致,然后再判定它是否为正确答案。经典例题阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 As a woman, I feel unsafe here. I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to use it, but now Im afraid.58. The underlined part “it” (in Para. 4) refers to _.A. a taxi B. the money C. a bomb D. pub
28、lic transport 课堂练习 (1) By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so succes
29、sful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.61. What does the word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Advertising in newspapers.B. Including pictures in ads.C. Selling goods in markets.D. Working with ad agencies.(2)
30、My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee, his arm in a bandage. He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said
31、it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.63. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the fathers _.A. weak heart B. taking a shore jobC. failure to return to sea D. injury caused by a torpedo(3) Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford formed a new automob
32、ile company. In the 1903, a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Fords dream. Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people.”64. “That sale” in Paragraph 4 refers to _.A. the selling of Ford cars at reduced pricesB. the sal
33、e of Model T to the mass of peopleC. the selling of a car to a Detroit doctorD. the sales target for the Ford Company(4) A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than non-graduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degre
34、e. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources(资源)of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them. 68. The underlined word “them”
35、refers to _. A. taxpayers B. pressing calls C. college graduates D. government resources(5) The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive
36、 faces. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions, ” Jack said, “Our data suggest that
37、 whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”68. What does the underlined word “they” refer to?A. The participants in the study. B. The researchers of the study. C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the study. 课外作业
38、(1) .You are never going to win. If John wants to see them, I cannot stop him. Hes their father I want them to see him! However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the childrens stable life. John, who has spent much of his time in California recently, has only hired a house for himself
39、in Pennsylvania, according to his lawyer. “If hed like to stick to a regular life, Id be more than happy to do that, ” Jane says. 58. What does “to do that ” refer to in the second paragraph?A. To live with John.B. To hire a house for John.C. To allow John to see the children.D. To ask John to set u
40、p a regular life.(2) Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more
41、 readily than we can now.68. What does the underlined word “it” in Para. 3 refer to _.A. the American East B. the American WestC. the argument D. the alternative energy(3) Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased w
42、hen drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.57. The underlined word “it” in the second paragr
43、aph refers to “ _”.A. alcohol B. absorption C. blood D. process(4) The multi-million pound new Library of Birmingham (LoB) will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization (数字化) of everyday life.As digital media is important to its idea， the project is already provid
44、ing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.51. The underline part “its idea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of _.A. the equipment B. the projectC. the digital media D. the physical library(5) Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (
45、评论家) Edie Jarolim. “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”1. The underlined word “both” in paragraph 2 refers to _.A. traveling and working B. writing and shoppingC. traveling and eating D. writing and eating
46、二、主旨大意题我们阅读一篇文章, 首先是要了解其大意, 明确其主旨。因此, 主旨大意题是常考题。主旨大意题包括：主要内容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章标题(title)型、写作目的(purpose)型。五年来共考了8道题, 其中mainly about只考过1题(2008), title题考了3题(2007, 2010, 2011), purpose题考了4题(2007, 2008, 2009, 2011)。（一）主要内容型技巧点拨 弄清文章的大意, 关键是找到主题句。 主题句的位置:主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应, 有时也在文中,或没有主题句,需根据文章所述内容
47、进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句,但记叙文通常没有主题句,需要归纳。 找主题句的方法：用浏览法(skimming),即快速阅读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主题线索和主题信息。找主题句的四个小窍门：1.段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时, 该句很可能是主题句。 2.首段出现疑问句时, 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意识地反复重复的观点, 通常是主旨; 反复出现的词语, 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。经典例题 Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sure we a