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1、高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧推理判断题这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。常见的题干有：1) I
2、t can be inferred from the text that.2) We can conclude that.3) When the writer talks about., what he really means is that.4) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?判断题考查学生在理解文章的基础上，对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。推理题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。1) 判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。2) 全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思
3、考，得出片面结论。3) 善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。4）不可直接选取文中的原句。例1： Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it w
4、ill break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the s
5、ofter it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass.（1990NMET）Why do people put hot metal in water?A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle.分析答案为A，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然后迅速放到水里冷却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。hard 是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果，故选A而不选D
6、。B项明显错误；C项是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on _. A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metalC. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation分析答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing 是时间的选择。本答案的依据是5和6两句，The metal is heated,length of time.,The longerthe so
7、fter it becomes.cool 的时间是可以控制的，时间越长越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论：在退火过程中，金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled an
8、d then heated quickly. 分析答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到metal。最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知annealing就是先heat后cool slowly。由此推断C是正确的。例2：At one time, computers were expected largely to remove the need for paper copies of documents (文件) because they could be stored electronically. But for all the texts that are writ
9、ten, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start
10、working overtime. I feel in my bones this revolution is causing more trees to be cut down, says Ted Smith of the Earth Village Organisation.Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its mo
11、st promising new markets. Several Internet companies have been set upto help small businesses print quality documents from a computer. Earlier this week Hewlett-Packard Co. announced a plan to develop new technologies that will enable people to print even more so they can get a hard copy of a busine
12、ss document, a medical record or just a one-line e-mail, even if they are nowhere near a computer. As the company sees it, the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers.Does all this mean environmental concerns(环境问题) have been forgotten? Some activists suggest people have been led to
13、believe that a lot of dangers to the environment have gone away. I guess people believe that the problem is taken care of, because of recycling(回收利用), said Kelly Quirke, director of the Rainforest Action Network in San Francisco. Yet Quirke is hopeful that high-tech may also prove helpful. He says p
14、rinters that print on both sides are growing in popularity. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.（2003年全国卷）The growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to_Athe rapid development of small businesses Bthe openin
15、g up of new marketsCthe printing of high quality copies Dthe increased use of the Internet分析本文话题为办公用纸与环保，讲述了计算机与网络的发展并没有如人们先前所预料的那样帮助我们实现无纸化办公，相反地，随着打印技术的发展，用纸量日益增大于是还得依靠科技，寻找双面打印与开拓农业废料提供造纸原料等出路了文中涉及科技发展、生产需求与环保之间的关系，内涵十分深刻，平时“两耳不闻窗外事”的人是很难一下读明白的本题考查对于文中提供的事实与线索进行逻辑推理的能力近年来纸张用量增加的原因何在?第2段中做出解释：It i
16、s difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-con-nected computers，when e-mail is introduced， the printers start working overtimeThe growing demand for paper看来正是a result of use of Internet-connected computers本题答案为D其余3个选项内容虽然也都在短文不同地方有所涉及，但均非题干所问纸张用量增长的直接原因，可逐一排除中，C
17、项干扰性最大，第3段中所提及的Several Internet companies have been set up to help small businesses print quality documents from a computer 与选项C十分接近，因而对他们构成迷惑，这是因为考生没有能够认识到这一事实出现在本段中，只是为了说明how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself，然而the printing of high qualit
18、y copies本身并非纸张需求增长的原因“阅读理解”解题过程中，需要在通篇理解大意的基础上找到与本题相关的线索，弄清各项事实之间的联系，辨别选项内容之间的细微差别，排除干扰，找准最佳答案答案 DEnvironmentalists believe one possible way of dealing with the paper situation is_Ato encourage printing more quality documents Bto develop new printers using recycled paperCto find new materials for ma
19、king paper Dto plant more fast-growing trees分析本题问及环保人士(environmentalists)对于用纸所引起的环保问题的解决途径所持看法结尾段中谈到：The action group (= the environmentalists) has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood， such as agricultural waste，也就是本题选项中的C项to find new materials for making paper通过查读可以发现，选项
20、D在文中根本没有涉及，选项B将文中细节内容做了一点改变，形成干扰考虑B项，文中为：the problem is taken care of， because of recycling；printers that prin to on both sides are growing in popularity(结尾段)；两处内容综合衍生而成选项B但并未说有使用recycled paper的new printers，本项应排除D项所说的plant more fast-growing trees则在文中完全没有提到答案 cHewlett-Packard Co has decided to develo
21、p new technologies because _Apeople are concerned about the environment Bprinters in many offices are working overtimeCsmall companies need more hard copies Dthey see a growing market for printers分析题干中的HP Company(这家公司在打印机和电脑厂商里也可算是闻名遐迩了)是对我们寻找答案极为有用的线索，循此很快可以找到第3段里，该公司develop new technologies的原因(也是目
22、的)在于：enable people to print even more本段结尾则一语道破：As the company sees it，the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers显然只是要让人们更多地打印，牟利之心昭然若揭，其技术发展的原因与环保无关(排除A项)；与超时办公也无直接逻辑联系(排除B项)；对于hard copies有需求的也不仅仅是small companies(排除C项)；本题正确答案为D例3：A visitor visits an island where two tribes live. On
23、e tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies. The truth tellers live on the western side of the island, and those who lie live on the eastern side. The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question. He asks the native,” Go a
24、nd ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.” When the messenger returns, he says, He said he lives on the western side of the island.Is the messenger a truth teller or not? How can the visitor be sure?According to the messengers answer, the visitor can conclude that_A. Th
25、e messenger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth.B. the messenger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie.C. its hard to determine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not.D. the messenger probably lives in the western side of the i
26、sland because his answer may be true. 分析推测有关信使（近处的当地人）情况的。我们知道，讲真话的部落住在岛的西部，撒谎的部落住在岛的东部。这个信使去问远方的当地人住在岛的哪一边（东部还是西部）。远方的当地人只能有两种情况，要么住在岛的西部，要么住在岛的东部。如果他住在岛的西部，他就是一个讲真话的人，他就会如实回答他住在西部。如果他住在岛的东部，他就是一个撒谎的人。他本来住在东部，但在回答时，必须要说谎，他只能回答他住在西部。所以远方的当地人不管是住在东部还是西部，他的回答只有一个：“我住在西部”。如果信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在西部，信使无疑是说了真话，
27、那么信使一定是住在岛的西部。反之，如果信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在东部，那么信使就说了假话，信使肯定住在东部。故此题答案是A。The native in the distance says he lives on the western side of the island. According to his answer, which conclusion of the following is wrong?A. He may live on the eastern side of the island. B. He may live on the western side of the
28、island.C. He may be telling the truth.D. He cant be telling the truth.分析推测远方的当地人的情况。从短文提供的信息来看，我们无法判定远方的当地人是住在岛的东部还是岛的西部，两种情况都是可能存在的。此题要注意情态动词的语气。A.“他可能住在岛的西部”;B.“他可能住在岛的东部”;C.“他可能讲了真话”。上述A、B、C三种情况都是可能的。D.“他不可能讲真话”，语气太绝对。推测错误。故答案为D。例4：When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me
29、every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,” Are you single? “Why, yes. I answered, smiling at her happily.“So is my mother. she said, “Would you like to meet her?The writer talked about the waitress a
30、ge because he thought_.A. she was young B. it a pleasure to make friends with herC. she was beautiful D. it strange for her to fall in love with himThe waitress said hello to the writer every day because_.A. she lived near his house B. he often went to visit her motherC. she wanted to be friendly wi
31、th him D. she loved him very much分析这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务员每天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点奇怪。故第题答案是D。女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩每天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第题答案是C。高考英语二轮复习阅读理解专题指导（事实细节题）事实细节题所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和h
32、ow等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。）抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：1) When/Where did the story happen?2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?3) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the pas
33、sage?4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?5) All the statements are true except.该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。细
34、节专题一：排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women d
35、id not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got
36、 into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（19
37、96NMET）In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machinec. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machinee. Being taken down the beach f. Getting in
38、to the waterA. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c分析答案B 题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以 c就是第一个动作，下水 f 应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 项。再看 B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选 B。细节专题二：计算题计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体
39、的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。例2：Degree We offer a wide choice of bachelors degrees (学位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are
40、only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: degwaikato.ac.nz. Tuition Fees(学费)Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz. Accommodation(住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will
41、cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: accwaikato. ac.nzHealthThe Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four
42、 doctors and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.ac.nz. SportsThe Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football
43、 courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000分析B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的Tuition
44、 Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需要$8000。细节专题三：图形题在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息
45、，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of
46、123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品种)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them. In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became k
47、ing of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years. Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English.（2000年北京春季）Which of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Islands? Br = Britain Fr = France Ch = Channel Islands 分析C这是一道识图题。从第一段：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 3