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1、专题13语法填空考纲展示命题探究一、命题特点1题型特点语法填空同时具有单项填空和完形填空两种题型的特点。但是与两种题型又有所不同。从考查的内容看，语法填空除侧重考查词汇外，更侧重考查功能语法，即侧重考查英语词汇在篇章中的交际功能。从题型的形式看，语法填空只给出空缺，没有选项，要求学生根据语境和自身已有的语法与词汇知识来填空，这对学生的语言知识的积累和运用提出了更高的要求。2选材特点(1)语法填空的材料为一篇对话或短文，内容涉及生活的各个方面，为考生所熟悉。(2)对话或短文的长度为200词左右，没有超出课标的生词。3设题特点(1)就命题形式而言，“纯空格题”设5小题左右；“用括号中所给词的适当形
2、式填空”设5小题左右。“纯空格题”考查冠词、介词、代词、连接词及功能性结构副词等；“用括号内所给词的适当形式填空”考查名词、谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级、词性转化等。(2)原则上说，一个设空点就是一个语法点，所以从理论上说，10个设空点有可能涉及10个语法点，即使有个别的重复考点，至少也得有78个语法点。重复设置的考点主要是用于考查一些非常重要的语法项目，如动词时态、非谓语动词、不定代词等。(3)纯空格填空的词都是一些拼写简单的单词，平均每词约46个字母。二、语篇型填空解题技巧1有提示词填空题的解题技巧有提示词题要求使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，主要考查谓语动词的时
3、态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级、词性转化这四种情况。(1)给出动词原形当设空处后面给出动词原形时，设空处一般会考查动词的时态(即考纲上要求掌握的一般现在时、现在完成时、现在进行时、一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、将来进行时及现在完成进行时)、几种常见时态的被动语态形式或非谓语动词。考查时态或语态第一步：分析句子结构，确定句中是否缺谓语。如缺谓语动词，则考查动词的时态和语态。第二步：看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，以确定用主动语态还是被动语态，同时还要根据语境考虑用哪种时态。第三步：要注意主谓一致。如：例1：At that time, soda
4、pop was sold in bottles, and they were washed and _ (fill) again.解析：分析句子结构可知，设空处为谓语动词且与were washed并列，主语they与fill为被动关系，但设空前已经有了助动词were，故设空处应填filled。例2：In Logan, three people _ (take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic.解析：根据were treated(一般过去时的被动语态)可知此空需用一般过去时，根据句意可知此空还需用被动语态，又因
5、主语为three people(复数概念)，故答案为were taken。考查非谓语动词第一步：若句中已有谓语，且设空处不是作并列谓语，应考虑该空考查非谓语动词。第二步：根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分、句式的特殊要求或某些词语的特殊要求，确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。如作目的状语一般用不定式形式，而作原因、伴随、时间等状语时，需用现在分词、过去分词形式；如作主语或宾语用动名词或不定式；如作动词enjoy，finish等的宾语时，需用动名词；如作动词decide, refuse等的宾语时，需用不定式。如设空前为系动词，需用现在分词(意为：令人感到的)或过去分词(感到的)作表语。第三步：确定非谓语动
6、词与句子主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。第四步：根据非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是用完成式。例3：When I was a young boy about 8 years old, my younger sister and I got the idea to buy something for my mother for Mothers day. Money was hard _ (make)解析：设空处所在的句子主系表结构完整，根据句子结构可判断设空处作状语，be表示难、易、好、坏的形容词，后面需用不定式的主动形式作状语，故答案为to make。例4：_ (
7、complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.解析：逗号后为一个完整的句子，逗号前既没有并列连词也没有从属连词，故设空处应用非谓语动词作状语。根据句意可知设空处作目的状语，故需用不定式形式。句子主语we与complete为逻辑上的主动关系，故用to complete形式，又因设空处位于句首，故答案为To complete(首字母“t”需大写)。(2)给出形容词或副词当给出形容词或副词时，往往要求写出形容词或副词的比较级或最高级形式；有时考查形容词与副词之间的转换。第一步：分析结构，确定所给词在句
8、子中作定语还是状语。第二步：根据结构、语境或句子意思确定是填比较级还是最高级以及要不要加表示否定或相反意义的前缀或后缀。例5：Soon Charlie made friends with Patrick and his stepsister Sara and they _ (gradual) became best friends.解析：and后的分句结构完整，故可判断设空处应为副词作状语，而gradual的副词形式为gradually，故gradually为本题答案。例6：The water was simply the container for an act of kindness an
9、d love. Nothing could be _ (sweet)解析：用nothing与an act of kindness and love相对比，这里是用比较级的否定形式表示最高级，因此答案是sweeter。例7：The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could. He jumped even _ (hard) and finally made himself out.解析：联系前句和even(更加)可知设空处用比较级，故答案为harder。例8：The higher you stand, the _ (far) you will s
10、ee.解析：本题考查“the比较级., the比较级.”句式，故设空处需用far的比较级形式，即farther/further。(3)词性转化词性转化多以派生词变化为主，如：形容词与名词间的相互转化，形容词与动词间的相互转化，动词与名词间的相互转化等。第一步：分析结构，确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成分。比如，修饰动词、形容词或副词或修饰整个句子作状语，用副词；作主语或宾语，用名词；在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后，用名词。第二步：根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。注意：有时不但要注意词性转化，而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀，其逻辑意义才通顺；而且要特别注意所填词的正确的拼
11、写形式。例9：Jane knew from past experience that her _ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.解析：在形容词性物主代词her后，用名词或动名词形式，而空后有of短语作定语，所以填名词choice。例10：Despite Crabtrees professional and family success, those around her had noted her _ (satisfy) with not finishing school.解析：由空前的her和空后的with可分析出，此处应考虑
12、用satisfy的名词形式satisfaction，而空后的not finishing school则进一步暗示，Crabtree对此并不满意，故用否定含义的名词dissatisfaction。2无提示词填空题的解题技巧无提示词填空题需考生在不给出提示词的情况下填出符合上下文逻辑、语法、句法的单词，主要考查代词、名词、冠词、介词、情态动词、并列连词、复合句、特殊句式等。(1)代词(不定代词、指示代词、替代词、it的用法、人称代词的主格和宾格、反身代词、名词性物主代词等)。第一步：分析句子结构。若句子缺主语，则要填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it；若动词或介词后面缺宾语，则要填代词的宾格、指示
13、代词、不定代词或it。如果该宾语与主语是同一人(或物)，应用反身代词。第二步：理解句子意思。根据各个代词的意义和用法以及句子所需的意义，填入合适的代词。例11：When stressors throw your nervous system out of balance, relaxation techniques can bring _ back into a balanced state.解析：根据前后语境可知，此处应用it代指上文的your nervous system。例12：A strong memory depends on the health and vitality (活力)
14、 of your brain. Humans are highly social animals, so relationships stimulate (刺激) our brainsin fact, interacting with _ may be the best brain exercise.解析：由上文的关键信息词social animals和relationships分析可知，与人沟通即与“别人”(others)沟通是对大脑的最好锻炼，故应填others。例13：It is said that a shorttempered man in the Song Dynasty (960
15、1279) was very anxious to help _ rice crop grow up quickly.解析：根据句意，这个急性子的人当然是急于使“他的”禾苗长得快，故填形容词性物主代词his。(2)名词分析句子结构，当设空处作句子主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语时，设空处可能在考查名词，在没有提示的情况下，考生要根据上下文逻辑关系，结合英语的习惯用语写出正确答案。例14：I watched with a sad smile as they did their best to tear off the wrapping (包装) paper. As they pulled out t
16、heir toys, though, I noticed their _ lit up and they jumped up and down.解析：由上下文语境及习语“(eyes/face)light up喜形于色，两眼一亮，露出喜色”可知答案为：eyes/faces。(3)冠词、形容词性物主代词或限定词弄清句子结构，若设空处后为名词，则设空处为名词的定语，又无提示词，可确定设空处应填冠词(a, an, the)、形容词性物主代词(如：my, your等)或限定词(如：other, another, either, both等)。例15：Please spend time with thos
17、e who make laugh easilyboth at themselves and at lifes humorous events. Surround yourself with reminders to lighten up. Keep _ toy on your desk or in your car. Put up a funny poster in your office. Choose a computer screensaver that makes you laugh.解析：设空后的toy为单数名词，在本句中表示泛指，故用不定冠词a。此处与后面的“Put up a.”和
18、“Choose a.”并列。例16：To say it is one thing, but to do it is _ thing.解析：根据第一个分句中的one thing可判断设空处应为another。习惯用语A is one thing, B is another/its one thing to do A, its another thing to do B 是一回事，是另一回事；和截然不同。(4)介词第一步：若设空后是名词、代词、动名词或what从句，且它们不作主语或动词宾语时，很可能就是填介词。若设空前是动词且设空后为名词、动名词，设空处也可能填介词构成动词短语。第二步：根据具体的
19、语境或空格所在的句子意思来确定填哪个介词。例17：The only reason why a man would sell his house _ a lower price would be that he needed money badly.解析：名词a lower price在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，应为介词的宾语，根据习惯搭配，可知应用介词at。例18：.who should have the honour of receiving me _ a guest in their house.解析：由句意可知，他们把我“当作”客人来接待，所以此处填介词as。短语receive s
20、b. as.把某人当作招待。(5)情态动词和助动词若句子结构较完整，设空后的谓语动词是原形、have done或be doing等，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词或用来强调谓语动词的助动词do, does, did；若构成部分倒装，设空后需有主语，主语后需为动词原形或过去分词、现在分词，这时需根据需要填do, does, did; have, has; is, am, are或某些情态动词。例19：I explained that while I didnt carry any cash, I _ happen to have a new blanket, and
21、asked him if he could use it.解析：因谓语动词happen是原形，而前后语境的谓语动词都是过去式，所以此处应填情态动词或助动词；“虽然我没有带现金，但我的确恰好有一张新毯子”，故填助动词did来对谓语动词进行强调。例20：Mike: You should consider eating healthier food and getting some more exercise.Jane: Hey, I started a diet and lost 10 pounds.Mike: Then what happened?Jane: Well, I quit and g
22、ained it back plus 5 pounds.Mike: You _ have kept trying.解析：根据上一句中的“Well, I quit and gained it back plus 5 pounds.”可知，此处用should。should have done sth.表示“本来应该做某事，而实际上却没有做”。(6)并列连词或复合句并列连词(and, but, or, so等)复合句(包括定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)定语从句考查关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose, of which, of whom)或关系副词(when, wh
23、ere, why)；名词性从句考查连接词that, if/whether, which, who, whom, what, when, why, where, how等；状语从句考查表示原因的从属连词(because, as, since)、表让步的从属连词(though, although, as)、表条件的从属连词(if, unless等)、表时间的从属连词(when, while, as, before, after, until, since等)、表结果的句型(so.that.或such.that.等)等。第一步：分析结构，若句中有两个句子(有两个主谓结构)，且两句之间没有句号、分号，
24、也没有连接词，设空处必定考查并列连词或复合句。第二步：根据两句之间的意义、逻辑关系或句式结构来确定是并列结构还是某种主从复合句。第三步：若是主从复合句，要根据从句的特点并结合连接词的意义和作用来确定具体的连接词。注意：若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，也可能是填并列连词。例21：I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days _ I was to return to Guangzhou.解析：因为I wanted to.是一个句子，I was to return.也是一个句子，且这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号
25、或句号，故可判断设空处一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间的逻辑关系可知，“参观这个城市尽可能多的地方”应是在“返回广州”之前，故填before。例22：My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _ the bus arrived.解析：由两句之间的逻辑关系可知，是“和我一起等着直到公交车来”，所以用until或till引导时间状语从句。例23：Behind him were other people to _ he was trying to talk.解析：空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，故应填关联词；分析句子结
26、构可知此处应填一个定语从句的关系词，先行词是people，关系词指“人”且作介词to的宾语，故应用关系代词whom。(7)特殊句式(强调句型、倒装句、there be句型、感叹句、“祈使句and/or陈述句”结构、“not only.but also.”结构、“neither.nor.”结构、“either.or.”结构等)。例24：.and _ was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG(味精)!解析：去掉空格后的was及后面的that后句子依然完整，由此可知此处为强调句型“It is/w
27、as.that.”，故填it。例25：_ I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!解析：根据标点符号可知本句为感叹句，设空处后为一个句子，故设空处用How。例26：Not only Alice _ also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.解析：根据前面的Not only可判断设空处应填but，构成“not only.but also.”结构。3解题时的注意事项针对高考语法填空题的命题特点，考生在复习备考的过程中要注意以下几点：(1)积累基
28、础词汇，掌握常用的短语语法填空题要求考生填入单词，所以考生必须重视基础词汇的拼写。对于常用的、易错的词要多下功夫记忆，如动词过去式、过去分词的不规则变化，构词法中常见的词缀等，都要熟记在心。此外，语法填空题也常考查考生对习惯用法和特殊句式等的掌握程度，所以考生在平时复习的过程中要注意积累。(2)系统掌握语法知识，了解语法功能语法填空题主要考查考生对所学语法知识的运用能力，所以考生必须全面、系统地掌握语法知识。考生要了解各项语法功能，要能够准确分析句子结构和句子成分。关于句法，考生要准确判断从句的类型，并熟练掌握各种引导词的用法。(3)强化语篇意识，提高理解能力语法填空题的最大特点是突出语篇，这
29、就要求考生提高阅读理解能力，平时可以选择一些难度中等的文章进行精读，研究文章的写作思路、结构特点等。与此同时，及时总结经验，提高在语篇情境下的解题能力，从而提高解题准确率，取得理想的成绩。考法综述语篇型语法填空题考查考生在语境中正确运用语法知识和词汇知识的能力。设空方式分为有提示型填空和无提示型填空两种类型。从考查点看，动词的时态和语态及非谓语动词是考查的重点；其次是词性转换，其中以动词或名词转换成形容词、形容词转换为副词为主；无提示型填空以考查介词、连词、代词、冠词及关联词为主。题型主要有： (1)考查词性转换；(2)考查非谓语动词；(3)考查动词的时态和语态； (4)考查连词和复合句；(5
30、)考查冠词、介词、代词、名词。命题法1考查词类转换典例1He owned a farm, which looked almost abandoned. _ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.答案Luckily此空修饰整个句子，应用副词形式。形容词lucky是以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，变成副词时应改y为i，再加ly。【解题法】词类转换的解题思路(1)分析设空处的词在句中的成分；(2)结合句意，联系上下文；(3)根据词类转换规则填出正确答案。命题法2考查非谓语动词典例2A study of travelers _ (c
31、onduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.答案conducted分析句子结构可知，句子的主语为“A study of travelers”，谓语为names，故空处应用非谓语动词形式。因为“A study of travelers”与conduct之间存在动宾关系，故用过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰“A study of travelers”。【解题法】考查非谓语动词的解题思路(1)确定主句谓语，判断设空处为非谓语，分析非谓语所作成分，定语、状语
32、或补语；(2)分析非谓语动作与所修饰词之间的逻辑关系和动作发生的时间；(3)根据各非谓语的功能填出正确形式。命题法3考查动词的时态和语态典例3This cycle _ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.答案goes这种现象日复一日，周而复始：墙白天暖，晚上凉，总是能及时抵消外界的温度。结合语境可知，这里陈述的是一种经常存在的客
33、观事实，应用一般现在时表示现状。主语为This cycle，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。【解题法】考查动词时态语态的解题思路(1)确定空处为谓语，找出所对应的主语； (2)根据语境或时间状语判断动作发生的时间，确定时态；(3)结合主谓一致原则和所给动词的主动被动的用法，确定答案。命题法4考查连词和复合句典例4As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly _ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.答案how此处表
34、示“作为天生的建筑师，普韦布洛印第安人确切地知道，要想使这个循环大部分时间都在运行土坯墙需要多厚”。由此可知，应用how修饰形容词thick，引导宾语从句。典例5Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.答案that/which空处引导定语从句修饰先行词“the limestone mou
35、ntain tops and dark waters of the Li River”，且在从句中作主语，因此本空填关系代词that/which。【解题法】考查连词和复合句的解题思路(1)找出主句和从句部分，分析从句的种类； (2)分析所填词在从句中的成分和意义；(3)根据不同从句引导词的不同功能确定合适的引导词。命题法5考查冠词、介词和代词、名词典例6Mr Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned _ farm, which looked almost abandoned.答案a考查冠词。farm在文中是第
36、一次出现，而且表示泛指，所以用不定冠词a。【解题法】考查冠词、介词和代词、名词的解题思路(1)分析句意，判断空处所表达的意义； (2)结合一些固定搭配和各词类的用法试填答案；(3)细读上下文，核实答案。阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Passage 1Yangshuo, ChinaIt was raining lightly when I _1_ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care. A few hours _2_， Id been at home in Hong Kong, w
37、ith _3_ (it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _4_ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _5_ (painting). Instead, Id headed straight for Yan
38、gshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour away _6_ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city. Yangshuo _7_ (be) really beautiful. A study of travelers _8_ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast
39、becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it _9_ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people _10_ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._本文介绍了桂林的著名旅游景点阳朔。1arrived考查动词。主句为过去进行时，因此when连接的时间状语从句应用一般过去时，
40、故本空填arrived。2before/earlier考查副词。本句为过去完成时，描述的是作者来阳朔之前的情况，因此填副词before/earlier。3its考查代词。这里指香港的污浊空气，因此填物主代词its“它的”，指香港的。4that/which解析见典例5。5paintings考查名词。由前面的短语“so many”可知，本空应填名词复数paintings。6by考查固定搭配。从桂林乘车到这里仅用一个小时。by car“乘汽车”。7is考查动词。本句描述阳朔景色之美，应用一般现在时。8conducted解析见典例2。9regularly考查副词。本空修饰动词，应填regularly。
41、10living考查非谓语动词。空处与“people”之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作后置定语。Passage 2The adobe dwellings (土坯房) _1_ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _2_ most modern of architects and engineers. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _
42、3_ (able) to “air condition” a house without _4_ (use) electric equipment. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat _5_ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _6_
43、 (cool) the house during the hot day; _7_ the same time, they warm up again for the night. This cycle _8_ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures. As _9_ (nature) architects, the Pueblo I
44、ndians figured out exactly _10_ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._这是一篇说明文，重点介绍了美国Pueblo印第安人所建土坯房独特的调节室温的特点。1built考查过去分词短语作定语。本句主语是The adobe dwellings，谓语是are admired，因此空处不需要谓语动词，应用过去分词短语作定语表示一个被动的、已完成的动作。2the考查形容词最高级的用法。形容词最高级前用定冠词the。3
45、ability考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作表语，且前有their修饰，故填名词ability。4using考查动名词作宾语的用法。介词without之后接动名词作宾语。5slowly考查形容词转化为副词的用法。修饰动词应用副词。6to cool考查不定式短语作结果状语的用法。这是enough to do句型，表示“足以”，不定式短语作结果状语。7at考查介词。at the same time表示“同时”，是固定搭配。8goes解析见典例3。9natural考查词性转换。修饰名词应用形容词。10how解析见典例4。Passage 3Mr Johnson lived in the
46、woods with his wife and children. He owned _1_ farm, which looked almost abandoned. _2_ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby _3_ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what _4_ (leave). The cow was their only means of support, in fact. One day, the cow was eating grass _5_ it began to rain heavily. While making great efforts to run away, she _6_ (fall)