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1、美术通识（General art）F9fSection 1 Outline of ArtFine ArtsArt is also known as art and art space or visual art, refers to the use of certain materials (such as painting pigment, ink, paper, silk, wood, stone, clay sculpture, wood, metal, etc.) into visual creation with aesthetic appreciation of the value
2、 of the plane or three-dimensional image art. The concept and scope of art are not solidified but kept pace with the times. The word was originally created by the German beauty scientist Lessing. In Europe in seventeenth Century, it was generally referred to as an aesthetic painting, sculpture, etc,
3、 in order to distinguish it from practical arts and crafts. In scope, art usually refers to painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architectural art, etc. in the East, it also includes calligraphic art, seal cutting art and so on. Art is not a word that has existed in China since ancient times, but w
4、as transplanted from Japan in modern times. Specifically, before and after the 54 movement, our country began to use the term widely.Fine ArtsFine arts is the art and science of art phenomenon, art law and art principle, including art creation, art theory, art history and art criticism. Through the
5、study of various art phenomena, the paper summarizes the law of fine arts development, expounds the basic principles of fine arts, and guides the creation of fine arts and appreciation of fine arts.Art CriticismArt criticism is also called art criticism. On the basis of art appreciation, according t
6、o a certain standard, the author of art works, and various arts phenomenon (including art movement, art thoughts and art schools) theory analysis and value judgment made by the analysis of the works, thoughts and feelings and artistic forms of dominant evaluation. Art criticism is a kind of scientif
7、ic aesthetic activity. On the one hand, it can communicate and coordinate the relationship between creation and appreciation, and on the other hand, it can improve the quality of art creation and social appreciation.The social function of Fine ArtsBecause of the wide connection between art and socia
8、l life and the diversity of artistic creation, the social function of art mainly includes cognitive function, educational function and aesthetic function.The content and form of Fine ArtsContent is the sum of objective factors and subjective factors that constitute artistic image, and the form is th
9、e existence of works. No work, no form of content, and no content in the form, the two interdependent and inseparable. The characteristics of the content of art works depend on the particularity of the object and the particularity of the artistic expression. Generally expressed as concrete and sensi
10、ble phenomena and forms, evoking human imagination through visual images. The form of the works, contains two aspects: one is closely related to the factors of the internal organization of content and structure, also called in form; two is composed of material means to convey the artistic image, als
11、o called external form.Second main categories and expressive language of Fine ArtsMajor categories of the citySculptureSculpture is one of the plastic arts. It is a kind of art of three-dimensional figure, which is carved, engraved, plastic, piled, welded, knocked, woven and so on. Carved and engrav
12、ed refers to metal, stone, wood and other materials for carving art three-dimensional image. Plastic refers to the use of clay, clay and other materials piled three-dimensional plastic image of the art.paintingPainting is a kind of graphic art. With the aid of certain tools, it uses lines, light and
13、 shade, color and other means to create specific artistic images in the two-dimensional space, to reproduce life, and to depict visual images.Oil PaintingOil painting is a kind of painting. It is a painting made with quick drying oil (linseed oil, walnut oil, poppy oil, etc.). Oil painting originate
14、d and developed in Europe. It was widely used in 14 - fifteenth Century, and became an important painting in the world. Before fifteenth Century, tempera painting in European painting was the precursor of oil painting. Generally, the early fifteenth Century Dutch painter Van Eyck brothers is the fou
15、nder of painting techniques. As an artistic language, oil painting includes many factors such as color, light and shade, lines, texture, brushwork, texture, light perception, space, composition and so on.PrintPrintmaking is one of the plastic arts. It is to use a knife or chemical carved in wood, st
16、one, copper, zinc and other Ma offset, layout or after etching printed pictures. Chinese woodcut has a history of more than 1000 years. It probably originated in Sui and Tang dynasties.MuralMural painting is painted on the wall or ceiling of a building. It is one of the oldest painting forms. Its co
17、ntents are usually historical figures, myths and legends, production, war and social customs. Modern murals pay attention to the coordination with the whole building site and have strong decoration.Portrait paintingA portrait is a picture of concrete characters.Genre paintingGenre painting is a figu
18、re painting based on social life customs. Chinese genre paintings began in the Han dynasty,The Northern Song Dynasty Zhang Zeduan Qingming Festival, the Southern Song Dynasty Su Hanchen shining map is representative of the genre painting. European paintings began in 14 - fifteenth Century, and the s
19、eventeenth Century Holland painting was a representative of European genre painting.Landscape paintingLandscape painting is a painting with natural scenery as its object. It is called landscape painting in Chinese painting. During the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties, the scenery was only t
20、he background of figure painting, and began to draw independently when Sui and Tang dynasties.The art of expression, language, and handSketchSketch is a kind of plastic art which uses monochrome lines and blocks to draw the image of objects.SketchSketch refers to a short period of time with concise
21、lines outlining the shape and manner of objects.sketchSketch refers to the painting in which objects and scenery are represented directly.StrokesBrushwork in general refers to the brushwork in painting, usually used in oil painting and watercolor painting in the pen marks.Skin textureTexture is the
22、unique aesthetic feature of plastic arts, and shows different senses due to the different tools and materials used. For example, the texture of oil paintings and Chinese paintings is different from the use of different tools and materials. It is one of the expressive languages of fine arts, and is a
23、n important part of artists expression of various emotions and ideas.perspectivePerspective refers to the way to reproduce the three-dimensional sense of objects in space on the plane, which can be divided into body Perspective (geometric perspective) and air perspective. Body perspective is based o
24、n the principles of Optics and mathematics, and uses lines to describe the spatial position, contours, and projection of objects. Air perspective is a three-dimensional sense of the object through the distance to the color and the role of the performance of the three-dimensional expression of the ob
25、ject.FC1CompositionThe English word for composition is composition, meaning combination and composition. In art creation, generally refers to the fine arts according to the theme and aesthetic effect, the performance of the image to be organized to form a complete picture of the coordination, indivi
26、dual and local image into a whole through artistic processing. In the west, many artists and scholars have studied the composition of art systematically since the Renaissance, specially studying the influence of composition on the image. In Chinese traditional painting, known as art of composition o
27、r layout, it is regarded as the general need of painting and is highly valued.The third section is art appreciation theoryTheory of expressionChinese history the earliest use of vivid evaluation of art phenomenon is the painter gu. Gu said is a summary of the practice of figure painting theory. Unti
28、l the Tang Dynasty, the theory of expression was used as the main aesthetic standard of figure painting.On the sixOn the six is China ancient art tasting standards and important aesthetic principles. Liufa first appeared in the works of Sheikh painting. Liufa or vivid and painting and pictographic,
29、with the type of color and management position and moxie shift. Since on the six proposed, China ancient painting entered into conscious period. The painter has always been to six offspring as a measure of success under the standard of painting. For a long time, the creation and criticism of any pai
30、nting, not beyond the scope of Six Laws.On the sixAncient words. The five generation of Jing Hao notes on writing put forward six wants: one day Qi, two days rhyme, three days thinking, four day scenery, five days pen, six days ink.Yi, God, beauty, theory of energyAncient words, is rated one of the
31、standard drawing. Such as the Tang Zhu Jingxuan recorded in the Tang Dynasty painting, painting criticism criteria into God, wonderful, can three, by single. To the Northern Song Dynasty Huang refractary Yizhou famous, the standard is divided into Yi, Miao, God, four.Doctrine of the north and the So
32、uthDong Qichang, a literati painter in the late Ming Dynasty, compared the different styles of landscape painting with the two sects of the north and the south. He will Wang and Li Sixun respectively as the founder of both north and south, Jing Guan, Dong, giant, and four meters to the yuan for whic
33、h Zhao Boju, Zhao Bosu and Li; Liu, Ma, and summer in the north. He was promoted to southern painter in the north to denounce the orthodox, connoisseur of painting. This theory has a great influence on the creation of Chinese painting in the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and even the contempor
34、ary times.calligraphy and painting are of the same originCalligraphy and painting homology is an important viewpoint in Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy theory. It includes two meanings: one is that Chinese characters and paintings have similarities in origin; two, they mean that calligr
35、aphy and painting have the same law in the form of expression, especially in the use of ink. In Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan expounded the similarities and differences of calligraphy and painting in theory in the famous paintings of the past. The view of painting and calligraphy coming from the same
36、origin still plays an important role in the creation of contemporary Chinese painting and calligraphy. It has become one of the most important aesthetic standards in the form of Chinese national art.golden sectionGolden section is a division rule in plastic art, also called golden section rate,Gold
37、rate. It is divided into two parts: a line segment is divided into parts, so that a part of the square is equal to another part of the product of the whole, or to make a part of the ratio of the whole is equal to the other part of the ratio of this part. Represented by numbers, whose ratio is about
38、1.618:1 or 1:0.618, is called the gold ratio. Gold was first discovered by the ancient Greeks, until the L9 century was considered by Europeans to be the most beautiful and harmonious proportion. Golden ratio is widely used in plastic arts and has aesthetic value.Fourth sections of Chinese painting
39、and calligraphyClassification of Chinese painting and calligraphyCalligraphyCalligraphy is the art of writing, especially the art of writing Chinese characters with a brush. It is a unique art formed by Chinese characters in the long-term use and development of Calligraphers aesthetic views. Calligr
40、aphy has become an art, and there is a certain difference from the usual writing, calligraphy must have the pen, structure, Zhang Fa, ink and other artistic means of expression. Brush is the most important tool in calligraphy. Chinese characters of calligraphy can be divided into five kinds of style
41、, namely Zhuanshu lishukaishu Xingshu and cursive script.Chinese paintingChinese painting is Chinese painting and Chinese national painting. It has become a unique system in the world art field, and is generally divided into figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting and so on. Th
42、e picture that melts me, God, to write vivid shape effect. In Chinese painting, painting and calligraphy, seal cutting into one, against each other. It was formed in the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago and matured in the Tang Dynasty more than one thousand years ago. Chinese painting tools are ou
43、r own unique brush, ink, paper, inkstone, and poetry, calligraphy, seal cutting combined with each other, forming a unique artistic style. Chinese painting in the world of art in the field of self-contained, unique, its main characteristics are: first, in the tool material, often using China special
44、 brush, ink or paint, paint on paper or silk. Second, in the composition method, not subject to the focus of the focus of perspective, the use of scattered Perspective (moving distance approach), broke through the limitations of time and space. Third, painting and poetry, calligraphy, seal cutting f
45、our organic combination, forming a unique Chinese painting poetry, books, paintings, printed features of each other. Fourth, the characteristics of Chinese painting are derived from the long traditional culture and rich aesthetic ideas of the Chinese nation. In dealing with the relationship of form
46、and spirit are required shape and God, in other expression and artistic conception are required vivid.Literati paintingLiterati painting called literati painting, refers to the Chinese feudal society Chinese, literati painting, from folk artists and the court painter for painting. They pay attention
47、 to pen and ink, emphasize the romantic charm, and pay attention to the performance of the artistic conception in literature and literature. Most of the works are based on the landscape, bamboo, flowers and birds, accustomed to the plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum as the main theme, to flaunt
48、the noble personality of the artist. Wang Wei in Tang Dynasty was the founder of literati painting.Landscape paintingLandscape painting is short for landscape. One of our traditional paintings is painting with natural scenery, such as mountains and rivers. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, as the background of the figure painting, the independent landscape painting began to appear in Sui and Tang dynasties. The Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty became more and more mature, thus forming a large painting family in Chinese pain