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1、ON THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF DIET BETWEEN CHINA AND ENGLISH COUNTRIES AND SOME POINTS FOR INTERPRETING CHINESE DISHES INTO ENGLISHbyXu AifangJune, 2007Xiaogan UnversityAbstractThis paper, through analysis of the differences between Chinese and English countries dietary cultures, points out several
2、 influential facts in interpretation of dietary culture at tables, and briefly discusses some methods for interpreting Chinese dishes into English. Food, an essential prerequisite for the existence and development of mankind, remains a close relation with culture, and food culture varies with nation
3、s. Therefore, there are great disparities between China and the English countries in ideas, attitudes, contents and functions of dietary cultures. This paper endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their rooted causes in Chinese and English dietary cultures from the perspectives of concept
4、, etiquette and content. At last it emphasizes that the interpreters cultural awareness plays an important role in the interpretation.Key Words: dietary culture; Chinese dish names; cultural awareness; C/E interpretation试析中西饮食文化差异及中餐菜名英译中的几个问题摘 要 本文通过探讨中西方饮食文化的差异以及结合实例归纳总结中式菜肴名称的翻译方法和技巧,指出影响中西方餐桌文化口
5、译工作的因素。餐桌上的口译必然与饮食有关，饮食与文化更是密不可分。不同的民族造就了不同的饮食文化，所以饮食文化具有浓郁的民族性和多样性特点。中国与英美等西方国家对饮食的观点和态度，饮食内容以及饮食特点等方面都存在着显著的差异。本文就餐饮文化方面着重分析了中国与英美等西方国家在饮食观念，宴会礼仪，饮食内容等方面的跨文化差异，揭示了饮食文化差异对中餐菜名英译的影响。同时通过中式菜名的翻译的事例来加以分析说明译员跨文化意识的重要性。关键词：饮食文化；中式菜肴名称；文化意识；英译Contents1. Introduction12. The differences between Chinese and
6、 English countries dietary cultures1 2.1 Differences in concept1 2.1.1 Sensibility vs. practicality1 2.1.2 Complexity vs. simplicity2 2.2 Differences in table manners3 2.2.1 Different table-wares: chopsticks vs. forks3 2.2.2 Different concepts regarding the time of attendance3 2.2.3 Different arrang
7、ements of seats4 2.3 Differences in contents4 2.3.1 Refinements vs. nutrients4 2.3.2 Differences of dish names4 3. Some points for interpreting Chinese dishes into English5 3.1 Some methods of dish names translation5 3.1.1 The preparation work5 3.1.2 Literal translation5 3.1.3 Liberal translation6 3
8、.1.4 The combination of literal and liberal translation6 3.2 The cross-cultural awareness of the interpreter7 3.2.1 Study the dietary culture7 3.2.2 Know the level of guests understanding of Chinese culture7 3.2.3 Actively participate in the cultural communication84. Conclusion85. Notes106. Bibliogr
9、aphyOn the Cultural Differences of Diet between China and English Countries and Some Points for Interpreting Chinese Dishes into English1. Introduction In recent years, with the rapid development of the Chinese economy and the influences of entering the WTO, the international communication activitie
10、s between China and foreign countries are becoming more and more popular. Making friends during banquet is a kind of common form of communication. It is a good way to show ones love and friendship to others, help to create a harmonious cooperation atmosphere between business partners to publicize th
11、e Chinese dietary culture. The Chinese people, who are well known for their hospitality both at home and abroad, should not miss such chances to introduce their various delicacies to foreign friends. On such occasions, the interpreter, as a bridge over people from different countries, plays a tremen
12、dously important role in the process of their communication. However, in recent years, some interpreters are often misunderstood by foreign guests because of their lack of cross-culture awareness and their inability to translate some Chinese dish names correctly. They do not know much about the diff
13、erences between Chinese and English countries dietary cultures and do not pay enough attention to the translation methods for the Chinese dish name, which affects the spreading of Chinese dietary culture all over the world, and even sometimes makes foreign friends confused. Therefore, the author of
14、this paper feels that its necessary to analyze several differences of Chinese and English countries dietary cultures, probe into some Chinese dish names translation methods, so that the Chinese profound dietary culture could be spread in a better way. 2. The differences between Chinese and English c
15、ountries dietary cultures Different peoples and countries have different dietary cultures; their richness and diversity of different nationalities are also the embodiment of their creativity. China, Britain, the United States and other English countries have some different views and attitudes toward
16、 diet, and these differences might hinder interpreters from translating properly and spreading Chinese dietary culture in a better way.2.1 differences in concept2.1.1 Sensibility vs. practicality In China, diet has developed to a very important part in peoples life. It is almost beyond any other mat
17、erial and spiritual forms, and this has been apparently reflected in peoples daily life. The seven so-called basic daily needs: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauces, vinegar, tea, all have deep relations to diet. Eating goes through a mans whole life. When one was born, his parents would hold a birth c
18、elebration. Later when he was one month old or one year old, the family would get together and have a party again. When growing up, he would have birthday parties, wedding party and even funeral dinner held for him by his descendants when he passes away. When a visitor comes, he would prepare for th
19、e guest a formal dinner, which is called welcome dinner. He would invite friends to have dinner together when he moves into a new house, is promoted in his company or has solved a serious problem. All these show that people in China like eating with much emotions, for dinners have provided them lots
20、 of chances to show their love for friends, and exchange information. Even some emotional turmoil would be calmed down during the dinner time. Behind the form of eating, there are a profuse psychological and cultural significance, as well as peoples recognition and understanding of society, which em
21、body a more profound social meaning. Eating not only has some original communication function, but has already transformed into an adjustment of social life and psychology.In Britain, U.S.A. and other English countries, eating is regarded as a way of communication and a necessary survival means. Ame
22、rican psychologist Abraham Maslow divides humans needs into five levels in his famous theory Law of Demand. Eating is classified into the first layer, which is the lowest level of human requirements. Lin Yutang, a famous Chinese anthropological scholar, once said, “The diet concepts of people from E
23、nglish countries are different from those of the Chinese. They think that eating is just an act giving your body nutrients, like injecting fuel to a machine, to ensure its normal operation. As long as they are healthy enough to resist diseases, they care little about other problems.”1 Therefore, in
24、the minds of the English people, eating just plays a life-sustaining role in their life. We can see clearly that the English people would not assign more important missions to eating, which has been done by the Chinese people for a long time.2.1.2. Complexity vs. simplicity There is a fundamental di
25、fference between Chinese andd English countries banquet concepts. Chinese people pay much attention to the dinner itself and its arrangement. They provide profuse wine and courses, including ten main courses at a formal banquet, besides snacks, desserts, rice or noodles in the whole procedure of a d
26、inner. The more sumptuous dishes the host prepares, the better the hosts hospitality and guests social status are reflected.In English countries, grand banquet is usually no more than six dishes and much simpler when it is only a kind of common dinner. Sometimes friends in the United States would al
27、l contribute to a dinner, which is called potluck, 2 and means that each person has taken a dish for sharing. It is evident that it creates opportunities for friends to get together and exchange ideas. It is reminiscent of friendships and provides access for them to get information. It is subject to
28、 the concept of English countries banquet that the most important thing of a banquet lies not in the dishes themselves, but in the diversifying form of liberalization. The owner should try to create a relaxing, harmonious and cheerful atmosphere, let the guests enjoy the freedom of a wonderful time.
29、 Generally, that is the first purpose of a banquet in English countries.2.2 Differences in table manners Table manners seem to be especially important both in China and English countries. Different table manners have formed during centuries because of different cultural backgrounds. An excellent int
30、erpreter always knows how to take advantages of such differences to make the interpreting process smoother.2.2.1 Different table-wares: chopsticks vs. forksOn the dinner tables, the most obvious difference is the choices of their table wares. The Chinese use chopsticks to clamp rice and dishes, whil
31、e people from English countries cut food with their forks. Clearly, these different consumption patterns are not an accidental phenomenon. Since ancient times, the Chinese people have been farming on land, and nowadays the majority of the Chinese are still farmers. In such a cultural environment, pe
32、ople usually live on cereal-based food, tending to live and work in peace, stressing the preciousness of stability, opposing aggression and attacks. While many people from English countries were hunters in the past. They lived on meat-based diet. In order to be able to survive in the cruel circumsta
33、nces, they must be good at hunting, and be offensive, aggressive. Gradually they have developed an adventurous character trait. 3 These two cultural preferences are almost contrast to each other. So what is reflected in the diet tends to be the choices of their table wares and their eating ways.2.2.
34、2 Different concepts regarding the time of attendancePunctuality seems to be a common term that is appreciated by every person. But people from different cultural backgrounds have different understanding of this term. Some people habitually cant be punctual.American renowned anthropologist Edward T.
35、 Hall, one of trans-cultural founders who study human relation thinks that time is a kind of commercial food which can be treated and used in different ways.4 So no matter in what situations, people from English countries arrive on time. However, in China, people are prone to be late except in some
36、very formal and very important dinners. Shanshanlaichi is usually used to describe such guests who are going to attend friends party not on time. Various reasons cause people to be late when attending dinners. To westerners surprise, the host accepts their unpunctuality, and has prepared some entert
37、ainment activities for the other guests during the waiting time. Both the host and guests feel it is common, not regarding it as impolite. In contrast, in English countries being late when one is invited to attend a dinner party is thought to be impolite to the host and the rest of the guests. So wh
38、en an English guest is at a Chinese dinner, waiting, the interpreter should give proper explanations when some Chinese friends are late, so as to eliminate misunderstandings.2.2.3 Differences in the arrangements of seatsThe arrangement of guests seats is also an important way to show peoples social
39、status and personal relationship. In different countries, the layout of seats is different. Hall once said space speaks5 to describe the role of space. In China, the guests who are usually respected most would sit in the south of the table. The common friends sit in the north part of the table. Whil
40、e in ancient times, people from English countries thought the seats beside the host were the most respectable places. Another difference is the womans social status. In ancient times, Chinese women had no social status, being subordinate to men. Although Chinese womens social status has been proving
41、 and women can have dinner with men now, there is still such a phenomenon that women sit together at one table, and men sit at another table. In English countries, there is a slogan called woman first. In English countries women have taken important social places from an very early time. Women and m
42、en have dinner together and they usually sit together, which embodies that women and men are equal.2.3 Differences in contents2.3.1 Refinements vs. nutrients Great differences also exist in diet contents. From ancient to modern days, Chinese dietary culture has been improved to various dietary branc
43、hes such as Lu, Chuan, E, Min, Shu, Zhe, Xiang, Hui. The dishes exquisiteness has been embodied in every branch. This dietary consciousness has penetrated into the whole process of dietary activity in an unconscious way. The process of choosing the materials, cooking, matching, using table-wares and
44、 even the eating environment, all have highlighted the dishes exquisiteness. Compared with Chinese food, English countries food is simple, lacking a kind of nice atmosphere. Moreover, their cooking technology is inferior to Chinas and many branches of English food were brought in from foreign countr
45、ies. But judging from their nutrition value, English countries food emphasizes on their nutrition, and tries to make the food unsalted and keeps the balance of various nutrients. The English people think that eating is just a way to keep fit. No matter what they eat, no matter how simple the dinner
46、is, they keep their eyes on their nutrition, and are sometimes ignorant of their taste. 2.3.2 The difference of dish names The names of Chinese food include lots of Chinese history stories and information of Chinese culture. For instance,东坡肉，宫爆鸡丁，霸王别姬，佛跳墙, etc. On the contrary, English dishes names
47、are much simpler. We can see what well eat from the names of dishes. For example, Kentucky fried chicken, Italian noodles and fries beefsteak etc. This phenomenon has also reflected English peoples fast pace of life.3. Some points for interpreting Chinese dishes into English3.1 Some methods of dish
48、names translation The names of Chinese dishes are really rich. No matter what dishes the interpreter has to translate, he had better tell the foreign friends what materials they contain, how they are cooked and so on. If time permits, the interpreter could give an introduction about their nutrient value, related folk stories, and history stories, which will not only promote their appet