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1、英语语法概述一.词类（parts of speech）名词Noun (n.) 表示人或事物的名称冠词Articale (art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物代词Pronoun (pron.) 用来代替名词，形容词或数词形容词adjective (adj.) 用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。数词Numeral (num.) 表示数量或顺序动词Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态副词Adverb (adv) 修饰动词，形容词或其他副词介词Preposition (prep.) 表示名词，代词等和句中其他词的关系连词Conjunction (conj.) 用来连接词与词，短语与短语或句与
2、句感叹词Interjection (interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦，惊讶等情感句中不充当谓语，而充当其他语法功能的动词位于名词前，用以说明该名词含义的虚词，分为定冠词，不定冠词和零冠词 非谓语动词 冠词 表示人，事物，地点，现象及其他抽象概念等名词的词表示动作或状态的词，是英语句子的核心 动词和短语动词 名词 英语语法最重要的部分，动词既有人称和数的变化，也有时态，语态和语气等语法特征在句中代替名词或名词词组的词类称为代词 时态和语态 代词 表示说话人对说话内容的看法和态度，一般有：假设，愿望，怀疑或推测表示数目多少或顺序先后的词，分为基数词和序数词虚拟语气 数词 用来修饰动词，形容词，副
3、词或句子表示说话人的语气和情态，如需要，可能，愿意和怀疑等，必须与动词原形一起构成复合谓语 情态动词 副词 英语中的小品词，不能单独用作句子成分，通常用于名词或代词之前，表示词与词之间的关系 用来修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征 形容词 介词和介词词组 词类 知识点1句子成分句子与句子成分概念：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分，句子成分主要有主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，并于部长语和同位语等。1.主语主语是一个句子的主体，表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首，有时在特殊句型中主语放在句末。可作主语的词有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词等。The students are playi
4、ng volleyball now.Beijing is the capital of China.The shoe shop is next to the supermarket.I go to school by bus every day.Four and five is nine.To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.Getting up early is a good habit.That you forget to tell me the time for the meeting caused me lots of trouble.2.谓语
5、谓语说明主语的动作，行为或所处的状态。通常由动词的各种形式或动名词短语来充当，并且必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。谓语有广义和狭义之分，广义的谓语指主语之外包括动词在内的部分，狭义的谓语仅仅指动词。She likes drawing.I go to school at 6 on Monday.You should be good with your friends.The skirt felt soft.3.宾语宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者，由名词，代词或相当于名词的词来充当，一般放在及物动词或介词后面。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语。We study English.He likes p
6、otatoes a lot.I saw her last month.If you put 5 and 7 together, you will get 12.She wants to go to school.Theyre helping the poor during the winter.He sent the two injured to the hospital.He enjoys reading.My mother often looks after my little sister on Sunday.She gave me a pen yesterday. 4.表语表语和系动词
7、一起构成复合谓语的词或短语。表语用来说明主语的身份，特征，性质或状态。名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词，介词短语，分词，动名词，动词不定式和从句都可作表语。作表语的名词，数词和代词，其数必须与主语保持一致。Her mother is a teacher.The desk is yours.Tom was the first to come.It sounds good.Seeing is believing.I think my favorite sport is playing tennis.The best way is to say sorry to your mother.He is a
8、t home on Sunday.Jim is over there.It is what I like best.5.定语定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。可作定语的有名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词，动词不定式，分词和介词短语等。形容词，名词作定语时，一般放在名词前，副词，介词短语作定语时，放在名词之后。There are many apple trees in the village.I like the tall girl.The teacher devided the students into 8 groups.My father goes to work by bus.I want
9、something to eat.He picked up the broken glasses.The girl in a red hat is my younger sister.The man here is Mr. King.The girl who is talking with my mother is my friend.6.状语状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词等的句子成分，说明时间，地点，目的，结果，条件，原因，方式，程度等。可作状语的有名词，副词，介词短语，不定式短语和从句等。We go to school every day.We play volleyball on the
10、school playground.I didnt come on time yesterday because his bike was broken.She didnt work hard so that she failed in the exam.If it rains tomorrow, we wont go to the movies.He came to see me.7.宾语补足语宾语补足语用来补充说明宾，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。可作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词和动词不定式等。Let me do it.Leave it on the desk.We must keep th
11、e classroom clean every day.8.同位语同位语是指用两个或两个以上的词语，指同一个事物，作同一个句子成分。通常由名词，数词，代词或从句等担当。She was born in Berkeley , a small town in California.This is Mr Zhou, our English teacher.9.独立成分（1）感叹词There,there! Never mind. Its nothing serious at all.Oh,no. I never thought it would be so bad.Aha! Ive got you ri
12、ght here.（2）呼语可置于句首句中或句末。Ladies and gentlemen, Ive got an important announcement to make.Hi, everyone! Allow me to introduce myself.Look out, John! Theres a car running over.(3)插入语Nobody knows it, I say, nobody.Who can be fit for the job, do you think?I cant make it Friday, Im afraid.知识点2 五种基本句型汉语名称
13、英文名称简称主语+动词Subject+VerbS+V主语+动词+宾语Subject+verb+ObjectS+V+O主语+系动词+表语Subject+Verb+PredicativeS+V+P主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Subject+Verb+Indirect Object+Driect ObjectS+V+Oi+Od主语+动词+宾语+宾补Subject+Verb+Object+Object ComplementS+V+O+Oc1.S+V(1) 不及物动词类在英语中大多数动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但是下列动词只作不及物动词：apologize, appear, arrive, c
14、ome, die, disappear, dive, exist, fall, flow, happen, rise等She never lies.The fire happened during the night.(2)及物动词转化来的不及物动词有时主要起及物作用的动词也可用作不及物动词。常见的此类动词有wash, sell, lock, wear, write, read等。This new pen writes very smoothly.Poems dont translat easily.2.S+V+O英语中绝大多数及物动词都是只带一个宾语的动词，常见的有：accept, admi
15、re, admit, affect, afford, announce, borrow,bury, celebrate, cover, defeat, defend, destroy, devote, discover, educate, enjoy, equip, explain, forget, guess, invent, love, poat, raise, supply, use等(1)一些动词常用作不及物动词有时又可作单宾语及物动词，但词义往往有所区别。Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.My father runs a big
16、shoe factory.(2)有时宾语后必须加上一个与宾语有关的状语，否则句子就不完整。You can put the dishes in the kitchen.Tom laid the papers on the desk.3.S+V+P这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的连系动词如下（1）表示状态的连系动词表示状态的连系动词的连系动词常见的有be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, remain, stay等。She didnt appear at all surprised at the news.I cant stay
17、awake an longer.Her voice sounded strange on the phone.(2)表示转变或结果的连系动词此类动词常见的有become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall, prove等The weather is becoming warmmer.（强调变化的持续性）Theyve just got married.（强调变化的结构）The milk went sour.（强调性质的变化）All my hair turns grey.（强调颜色的变化）Children grow wiser as they grow older.（
18、表示人或自然的逐步变化）All his dream has come true.(强调情况的改善)4.S+V+Oi+Od这是双宾语的句式结构，可改为 “to” 型或“for”型的句式，此类动词常见的有bring, give, hand, offer, pass, pay, post, promise, read, return, sell, send, serve提供, show, teach, tell等 She promised me a nice gift on Christmas Day.= She promised a nice gift to me on Christmas Day.Will you please pass the book on the desk to me?= Will you please pass me the book on the desk.5.S+V+O+Oc(1)形容词作宾补They painted the door red.Keep the children quiet, please.(2)不定式作宾补We have invited all our friends to come.Will you ask Mary to help us?5ckwd2