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1、A review of tax research Abstract： In this paper， we present a review of tax research. We survey three areas of the literature：（1） the problems in the current business tax system， （2） research on transformation from business tax to VAT， （3） the influence of transformation from business tax to VAT. I
2、n addition， we provide our opinion as to the issues for present research. Keywords： VAT； Business tax； Transformation1.IntroductionVAT was pioneered by France in 1954.After more than half a century， VAT has been adopted by about 130 countries. And for most of the foreign countries， service industry
3、including transportation was incorporated into the scope of VAT. So Chinas VAT reform is with Chinese characteristics and scholars abroad rarely studied that aspect.Domestic research literature about the business tax reform mainly focused on the following aspects.2. The problems in the current busin
4、ess tax systemFor the problem， both theoretical researchers and practitioners have drawn the similar conclusion： there are mainly the following problems in the current business tax.2.1. The enterprises tax burden was overweight under the current business.On this argument for heavy taxes， the existin
5、g literature discussed it from two angles：Firstly， the range of business tax was too large， leading to tax burden of related enterprises too much. Business tax was levied on total sales， so there were shortcomings of double taxation. When providing taxable services and transferring intangible assets
6、 or immovable property， the business tax enterprises inevitably had to purchase a lot of goods and took the goods of the input VAT tax. But as these enterprises didnt pay VAT and input tax cannot be deducted， they actually took the double burden of business tax and VAT. There was a reciprocal relati
7、onship between the collection scope of business tax and VAT collection. The existing scope of VAT was too narrow， leading to chains on taxable goods of VAT and taxable services of business tax interrupted， which weakened the tax neutral role of VAT.Secondly， the overweight burden of business tax was
8、 concluded， beginning with the comparison of the tax burden level of value VAT and business tax. For example， for medium-small businesses， the VAT levied rate of small-scale enterprises is 3% （the actual levied rate is only 2.9% according to sales to calculate）， which was lower than the small and me
9、dium-sized service industry （3% or 5%）. According to the measurement of Ping （2009）， from 2004 to 2006， the overall tax burden of business tax in Shanghai was higher than that of VAT on industrial enterprises above designated size by about 2%.Thinking of value-added tax changing from production to c
10、onsumption in 2009， the tax burden of VAT industry greatly reduced and tax burden of small-scale taxpayers was significantly lower. So the phenomenon of overweight burden of business tax was more obvious. 2.2The present tax was not conducive to the optimization of economic structure adjustment.Xu Sh
11、anda， the former deputy director of the state administration of taxation， thought that precisely the business tax problems hindered the development trend. On the one hand， the more specialized services became， the heavier tax burden was. Many enterprises had to put the productive service industry in
12、to manufacturing to reduce taxes. On the other hand， the strength of the current export business tax exempt was much smaller than that of VAT， weakening the international competitiveness of Chinas service trade， which was not good for service industry going out and the trade structure optimization a
13、nd upgrading of our country.2.3Other problems.According to scholars point of view， problems existing in the current business tax system were not limited to those. Such problems as the fuzzy boundaries of scope of business tax， unreasonable taxable items and loopholes in tax preferential policies sho
14、uld also be included.3.Research on the transformation from business tax to VATIn aspect of business tax transformation， current domestic research mainly involves three aspects：3.1The difference of the welfare effects of Chinese VAT and business tax on the consumerPing Xinqiao et al. （2009） show that
15、 for consumer goods， the price effect of Chinas business tax was greater than that of VAT through the calculations of tax effect of welfare model established. Then they concluded that for any consumer groups， the welfare of the business tax would bring higher damage than that of VAT. According to th
16、e calculation results， they calculated： for service companies， if the current business tax was converted into VAT， the tax rate was higher than 18.12%， which was more than the standard rate of VAT （that is 17%） in our country at present.3.2The adverse impact of Chinas existing business tax on the th
17、ird industryThrough the theoretical research， Huang Xiaochao （2009） elaborated： firstly， tax burden of the third industry was higher than that of the second industry ；secondly， the business tax was levied on basis of the total income in the third industry， so double taxation was widespread which did
18、 not conform to the principle of tax equity； thirdly， the present situation did not favor the development of the third industry， because differential rate was implemented in the current business tax， increasing the cost of tax payment， which led to unfair tax burden. And there were some scholars who
19、 studied the influence that injustice of tax burden in business tax had on the third industry. 3.3The feasible scheme of business tax transformationGong Huiwen （2010） expressed his views on two related questions： how the collection and management level was adjusted after the unification of VAT and b
20、usiness tax； and how to coordinate the management functions of the national and local taxation bureau and the influence of the distribution of the central and local income. The method he mainly used was that he thought of collection of tax and tax rate design for different projects which was include
21、d in the scope of VAT from business tax.4.The influence of transformation from business tax to VAT4.1The impact on the enterprises tax burdenQian Min（2013） studied the impact that the transformation from business tax to VAT had on the enterprises tax burden and respectively calculated tipping point
22、of tax burden when the original rate was 3% and 5% according to the four premises. And she also gave some advice on reducing the tax burden of enterprises.Cao Fengxia （2012） analyzed the impact that the transformation from business tax to VAT had on the enterprises tax burden. In detail， she discuss
23、ed the effect of tax burden on logistics industry， shipping companies and companies of different operation modes， based on the pilot situations in specific transportation industry and part of the modern service industry in Shanghai.4.2The influence on enterprises managementHuang Qipu， Yang Yan（2013）
24、 argued that the transformation had influence on the management structure of enterprises： promoting the upgrading of industrial structure， elaborating the business sectors of enterprises， speeding up the pace of the enterprises expanding market and changing the organization structure of enterprises.
25、 They also simply analyzed the impact on the financial work： changes of accounting methods， changes of kinds of invoices， and the effect on financial analysis of enterprises.Wu Lihong （2013） thought that the reform would promote Chinese transformation from service industry to modern service industry
26、 and promote the rapid development of the third industry. Before the reform， some enterprises burden of business tax was higher， and thus turn some services to VAT categories which would lower the tax burden. But after the reform， this part of enterprises would readjust the original business archite
27、cture， to achieve the goal of legal relieving the tax burden.4.3The impact on corporate financeXiong Li （2012） mainly analyzed accounting treatment in various kinds of cases where the taxpayer paid taxes in transition period， of the balances， on business transactions which was conducted with not pil
28、oted areas. Lu Shengtan and Peng Jingsong （2012） analyzed the influence of the reform on the performance of listed companies in Shanghais transportation industry through the regression equation. And he compared the corporate performance change between the piloted areas and other areas. He watched th
29、at the reform had a remarkable effect on the performance of listed companies in the transportation industry of Shanghai， and there was a negative correlation relationship with corporate performance， that is the transformation did not improve the business performance of enterprises， but increased the
30、 tax burden of enterprises.5.DiscussionSumming up the relevant literatures from the domestic， the study of transformation from business tax to VAT mainly focused on the problems existing in the current business tax （namely the necessity of transformation）， the impact and countermeasures and so on. D
31、ue to piloted situation of less than two years in Shanghai， combined with related data difficult to obtain， so most scholars just discussed the related issues of change through theoretical analysis， and also measured the influence of the reform using the existing data adopting certain methods. There
32、 was very few who used the method of empirical research studying financial impact on the listed company.References：1Ping Xinqiao， 2009. Research on tax burden and welfare effects of VAT and business tax. Economic Research Journal 3.2Gong Huiwen， 2010.The thinking of merger of business tax and VAT. T
33、axation Research 5.3Qian Min， 2010. Analysis of business tax transformation on tax burden. Commercial Accounting 3.4Wu Lihong， 2013.The influence of transformation from business tax to VAT. Money China 2.5Xiong Li， 2012.Analysis of accounting treatment about transformation from business tax to VAT. Friends of Accounting 12.