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1、barriers. (2) bench temporary protective railings on each side. (3) the top of the stairs, railings or temporary guardrails installed with the construction. (4) the bar should brush color. 4, balcony side: use formal balcony fence-slab, floor installation or the installation of a temporary fence. Sp
2、acing greater than 2 m to set up columns (ibid.). 5, frame structures: (1) when scaffold is not less than operations, equipped with operatingsociety; after after 60 years of development, the socialist society more full of life And vigor. The remarkable sign is in China adhere to the basic principles
3、 of scientific socialism, not lost ancestors, always adhere to dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the theoretical foundation, adhere to the to the realization of communism as the supreme ideal, adhere to the Party of the working class as the core of leadership, insist to liberate
4、and develop productivity is the fundamental task, adhere to represent the most numerous peoples fundamental interests, adhere to public ownership and according to work, distribution is the basis of the socialist economic system, adhere to the position of the people as masters of the country is the e
5、ssential characteristic of the socialist democratic politics, adhere to reform and improve the socialist system and institutional mechanisms, and so on. At the same time, our country socialist And with distinct Chinese characteristics, the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the system o
6、f theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, are deeply rooted in the creative practice of hundreds of millions of peoples indomitable, timely response to practice innovation theory calls, rich heritage of both historical and cultural tr
7、aditions of the Chinese nation, and let the Chinese people love to see and hear the Chinese style and Chinese style, comply with the requirements of the development of the times, reflect the common aspiration of the people, with distinct characteristics of the practice, theoretical characteristics,
8、national characteristics, characteristics of the times. Therefore, it can always maintain the vigor and vitality, and always guide contemporary China along the right direction stride forward. So we must always hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics unswervingly. On the
9、other hand, Chinas socialist society is still in primary stage, which is Chinas construction of socialist modernization insurmountable historical stage, the need for hundreds of years time. Chinas socialist system was born in semi colonial and semi feudal society, productivity level is far behind in
10、 the developed capitalist countries, which determines the our country must experience a long primary stage, to realize in other countries under the conditions of capitalism to achieve industrialization and production in the market, socialization and modernization. Today, our country socialism has ma
11、de remarkable tremendous To accelerate the pace of achievements, but our country fundamental realities of the country is still has a large population, weak thin, development is not balanced. Chinas economy has leapt to the world, but the per capita gross domestic product is still ranked in the world
12、 the 90%; economic sustained and rapid development, but the development is not balanced, coordinated, can not be continued problems are still prominent, the transformation of economic developmentManipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in indus
13、trial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at
14、 high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get peoples attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions
15、, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technolo
16、gy and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capita
17、l, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industr
18、y has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the internat
19、ional. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didnt opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope d
20、esigners can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of de
21、velopment, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the f
22、irst generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are
23、 equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense, when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand如何编写施工组织设计施工组织设计作为指导拟建工程施工全过程中各项施工活动的技术、经济和组织的综合性文件，具有举足轻重的作用。现代的建筑工程比以往更复杂，使用机具种类繁多，经过经验积累，可以采用的施工方法也多样化，因此，选
24、用不同的施工组织设计，将会给工程的工期进度、工程质量、安全等带来不同的结果，并且关系到施工企业生产的投入、产出，直接影响到施工企业的经济效益。施工组织设计对于施工企业的现代化管理也有相当重要的作用。施工企业的经营管理素质和水平的提高、经营管理的目标的实现都仰仗施工组织设计的编制和实施。通过施工组织设计，可以预计施工过程中可能发生的各种情况，事先作好准备、预防，为施工企业实施施工准备工作计划提供依据；可以把拟建工程的实际与施工、技术与经济、前方与后方和施工企业的全部施工安排与具体工程的施工组织工作更紧密的结合起来，因此，对于一个拟建工程来说，如果施工组织设计编制得合理，能正确反映客观实际，符合建
25、设单位和设计单位的要求，并且在施工过程中贯彻执行，就可以保证拟建工程施工的顺利进行，取得好、快、省和安全的效果。一个完整的施工组织设计应包括：编制依据、编制说明、工程概况、施工方法、施工进度计划、施工总平面布置、现场组织机构及质量保证体系、保证质量的技术措施计划和施工过程中的质量管理计划、安全保证措施计划、冬、雨、夜施工措施计划、防汛防台拖航措施计划、工程用料计划、船机使用计划、劳动力使用计划，还应包括主要构件模板设计、主要临时结构的设计等。虽然各项工程的结构形式、所处地理位置、自然条件各不相同，所包含的施工内容也较多，但针对不同的施工项目，编写施工组织设计时，同样应遵循以下原则：（1）、必须
26、按规定的施工期限，在保证工程质量和安全施工的前提下，以尽可能快的速度完成或提前完成工程施工任务，并交付使用，及早发挥效益。（2）、按照各个分项工程规定的施工顺序和期限，依次将人力、物理集中使用，特别要注意集中力量进行主体工程和对工程进度起控制作用的项目的施工；要综合组织不同工种之间的平行施工和流水施工，以加快施工进度。（3）、尽可能确保全年性施工，要注意冬季、夏季和雨季工程施工的组织，尽量减少在这些季节里进行施工的附加费用。（4）、在选择施工方案时，尽量采用机械化施工，减轻劳动强度，提高施工效率。（5）、作好人力、物力的综合平衡，力争均衡施工。（6）、尽量缩减临时建筑工程量，可提前修建永久性的
27、结构物（如仓库、道路、供电、供水系统等）和房屋，特别对施工附属企业与生活用房应与以后该地区建设事业的发展和工程管理的要求统一考虑，以便工程竣工后，仍能继续使用。（7）、在建筑材料供应方面，应贯彻勤俭节约的原则，最大限度地采用当地材料，减少三大材（钢材、木材、水泥）的用量，降低工程造价。 现结合一工程实例谈谈自己对施工组织设计的编制的一点看法：实例：该工程为电厂灰坝工程，计划工期3个月，工程造价438万元，主体工程为土方工程（平面图及断面见附图）。编制依据：作为施工组织设计编制的依据，应包括设计文件、施工合同、设计变更、所采用的技术规范及质量评定标准等内容。该工程对本单位来说是一跨行业的工程，因
28、此，规范及评定标准采用电力系统的体系，结合本单位施工经验编制施工组织设计。工程概况：工程所处的地理位置、工程规模、工程结构型式、主要尺度、主要工程量及现场自然条件等直接影响到施工组织设计的编制内容，施工方法等。因此编制前应认真作好实地考察，仔细了解工程所处地的情况，以便有针对性地选择施工方案。如该工程所处地为平原，地下水位较高，对此，应采取相应的排水措施，在井点排水及明沟排水方案中作出选择。主要工序的施工方法：此项为施工组织设计的重点，主要包括工艺流程和施工方法，施工方法应对本工程的特殊项目详细论述，以最大限度地对施工进行指导。该工程中，土方填筑为重点，且以前的施工经验并不多，只有详尽的考虑可
29、能碰到的问题，才可能在实际施工过程中忙而不乱。（1）、清除腐植土过后，应根据地质资料显示的情况划分取土区域，在实际应用中还应及时调整；因当地的地下水位较高与取土深度较大这一矛盾的存在，应采取适当的排水措施，考虑到取土范围较大，可以对取土区进行分割交叉取土，因此采用明沟和井点相结合的排水方式，在最小的耗用下取得了最好的效果。 （2）、因该工程工程量较大，工期短，并且四道工序交叉施工，为此，决定土方工程和石方工程同时施工，将坝体分成内外两个部分，坝基开挖完成之后，先对内部施工，外部石方工程同时施工，严格按规范及设计要求对土方进行留槎以便外部施工时搭接。（3）、溢流口工程因有四米多高，一般情况下应支
30、立脚手架进行施工，但考虑到施工成本及施工进度（溢流口完成之后，才能将坝体完全填筑完成），决定放弃脚手架，溢流口与坝体土方同时施工，土料上一层，块石砌一层，最大限度地防止工序间互相干扰。（4）、坝体土方填筑为该工程的重点，土料密实度直接影响到工程质量。因此，该分项工程开始施工时，先进行典型施工，确定土料碾压机具、碾压参数，并在实际施工过程中严格执行；施工中，土料碾压完成之后，按设计要求每500m3 取试样一组（三个试件），测定其含水量、干密度确定其是否合格。施工过程中，还应注意车辆机具使用方法，工序交接处应注意控制，防止相互扰乱。在冬季施工时，应注意防冻，土料冻结之后，应停止施工，不得勉强，防止
31、造成质量事故。上述施工工艺的编写，对该工程各重点部分、工序交叉都有详尽的解释及指导方法，对施工中注意点、施工重点都突地出表现了出来。施工总平面布置：重点突出工程的施工基线、临时供水、供电、临时施工道路及临时建筑物等。该工程中，应考虑到机械停放位置、临时办公室、石料堆放场地不得与施工机械运行路线相干扰，排水路线应接近原有排水沟等等。施工进度计划表：根据工程的特点及合同工期的要求，指出工序之间的相互关系，根据互不排斥、互不影响的原则排列。在本工程中，因受天气影响较大，应充分考虑到雨季对土料含水量的影响，以至影响到施工进度。最主要的应考虑到各项工序之间的协调，防止出现应一道工序未完成而影响整体工期的
32、现象。船机使用计划、劳动力施工计划：现代化施工中，机械使用较多，特别是该工程中的土方工程，全部由机械完成，劳动力使用较少；而石方工程除运料使用机械外，其他均为人工完成，因此在这两个分部工程的劳动力使用计划中应各有所突出。材料使用计划：材料使用计划应根据施工进度来决定。该工程中，需要购进的材料主要是块石及水泥等，虽然种类种类较少，但进度安排不当，将会造成施工场地混乱或因石料缺少而无法施工。对于现场组织机构、质量保证体系、保证质量的技术措施计划和施工过程中的质量管理计划、安全保证措施计划、冬季施工措施计划等须按照工程规模、工程内容针对重点突出安排。该工程中，因工程量相对其他大型工程来说较小，施工工
33、序较少，因此现场组织机构可以精简，但质量、安全等方面的措施计划必须全面并突出控制重点。以上结合一施工实例，对施工组织设计的编写作出一点分析。总之，各施工项目存在着或大或小的差异，工程从结构到形式也各有各的特点，因此，施工组织设计编制时应突出这些特点，安排合理的施工方法、顺序。施工组织设计最终是为施工服务的，必须将它结合到施工中去，在施工过程中不断加以完善，不断积累经验，为以后相似的工程提供比较科学的参考。barriers. (2) bench temporary protective railings on each side. (3) the top of the stairs, raili
34、ngs or temporary guardrails installed with the construction. (4) the bar should brush color. 4, balcony side: use formal balcony fence-slab, floor installation or the installation of a temporary fence. Spacing greater than 2 m to set up columns (ibid.). 5, frame structures: (1) when scaffold is not
35、less than operations, equipped with operatingmode and deepen the reform task of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, but the industry is big and not strong, agricultural base is still weak, rural development is relatively lagging behind, farmers income difficult problem is
36、 still a lot of; ideological and moral construction has made important progress, but some areas of moral anomie, integrity deletion The National Peoples life has reached a comparatively well-off level, but the gap between urban and rural areas and residents income distribution is stillAlthough large
37、, education, employment, social security and other vital interests of the masses is also more, part of the life of the masses remains difficult; the creative vitality of society generally increased, but the impact social harmony and stability of the various contradictions also many; and so on. These
38、 shows, our country is still in and will remain so for a long time the basic national conditions of the primary stage of socialism has not changed, the peoples growing material and cultural needs with the contradiction between the backward social production, the social principal contradiction does n
39、ot change, our countrys international status as the largest developing country in the world has not changed. I have to the problem, make decisions, do things, to promote reform and development of the any aspect of any field, Should be firmly based on the primary stage of socialism, the largest pract
40、ical, do is not beyond the stage, and is not backward reality, both best effort, and our capabilities. the main content is what? , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, the party honest self-discipline norms and the leadership of the party members and cadres self-discipline norms 3 parts, the
41、 main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, the fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must principle, emphasized self-discipline, accept Higher request for self-discipline supervision subject. F
42、inally, the foothold in maintaining the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised guidelines. Party members standard part around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance and bitter and music the relationship
43、 between the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the vital few, around the clean politics, from civil servant character, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the lead
44、ership of the party members and cadres four norms. the Party member of self-discipline norms and party members Guide cadre is clean fingered self-discipline norms, a total of eight, collectively referred to as the eight code . four must eight codemanipulator control mode and programmable controllers
45、 introduction 2.1 Select discussion with manipulator control 2.1.1 classification of control relays and discrete electronic circuit can control old industrial equipment, but also more common. Mainly these two relatively cheap and you can meet the old-fashioned, simple (or simple) industrial equipmen
46、t. So he can see them now, however these two control modes (relay and discrete electronic circuits) are these fatal flaws: (1) cannot adapt to the complex logic control, (2) only for the current project, the lack of compatibility and (3) not reforming the system with equipment improvements. Spring f
47、or the development of Chinas modern industrial automation technology the substantial increase in the level of industrial automation, completed the perfect relay of the computer too much. In terms of controlling the computer showed his two great advantages: (1) each of the hardware can be installed o
48、n one or more microprocessors; (2) the official designer of the software writing content control is all about. Now in several ways in the context of industrial automation can often be seen in three ways: (1) Programmable Logical Controller (referred to as IPC); (2) Distributed Control System (DCS fo
49、r short), and (3) the Programmable Logical Controller (PLC for short). 2.1.2 PLC and the IPC and DCS contrast contrast 1, each of the three technologies of origins and development requirements for fast data processing makes it invented the computer. The men brought in terms of hardware there, using a high level of standardization, can use more compatibility tools, is a rich