《论水库水位控制与三峡梯级枢纽效益分析.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《论水库水位控制与三峡梯级枢纽效益分析.doc（9页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 论水库水位控制与三峡梯级枢纽效益分析论文关键词：水位控制； 梯级枢纽； 效益分析 论文摘要：本文通过对不同的来水时期葛洲坝水库水位的变化对梯级枢纽发电效益影响分析，提出在保证梯级枢纽安全的前提下，科学调度，合理控制梯级水库水位，可以较好的发挥梯级枢纽的效益。 1 概述 随着三峡第一台机组的投运和三峡双向五级船闸的通航，三峡工程开始发挥防洪、发电、航运效益。一年多来，三峡电厂给电网提供了强大的电力，也促进了全国电力的联网。航运方面，改善上游航运条件，枯水
2、期实施航运流量补偿，增加葛洲坝枢纽下游枯水期航深，保证航道畅通。如何合理的科学调度水库，在保证梯级枢纽安全运行的前提下，使葛洲坝和三峡梯级枢纽的综合效益最大是我们面临的新课题。 在三峡围堰发电期，葛洲坝和三峡水库均无调节库容，基本上是径流发电。三峡水库水位运行的范围汛期为134.9135.7 m，汛后蓄水到139 m，主要是作为枯水期航运补水，以提高葛洲坝下游的航道的通航水深，保证枯水期下游通航安全。葛洲坝运行水位为63.566.5 m。 如何利用水库水位允许的变幅，合理控制水位，将可增发电量。在对于径流发电的单个电站，尽量抬搞水库水位能增
3、大发电效益。如葛洲坝在单独运行时，每年仅抬搞水库水位一项能增发电量约1亿kWh。对于梯级水库，必须进行科学合理的调度，才能获得较好的效益。 由于三峡水利枢纽与葛洲坝水利枢纽相距仅38 km，葛洲坝水库水位的变化对三峡电站的尾水位影响较大，抬高葛洲坝水库水位虽然能增加电量，但是抬高葛洲坝水库水位将减少三峡的发电水头，势必减少三峡的发电。如何控制葛洲坝水库水位使梯级发电最大，下面作初步的分析。 2 葛洲坝水库水位的变化对三峡电站的尾水位影响分析 葛洲坝水库水位的变化幅度按不同流量级，对三峡的尾水位影响的幅度不同。随
4、着流量的增大，葛洲坝水库水位的变化对三峡电站的尾水位影响减少。主要是由于水流在传播过程中存在一定的坡降，流量越大，沿程的坡降就越大。分析发现，葛洲坝水库水位的变化幅度与三峡的尾水位变化幅度的比值均小于1。不同流量的变化比值见表1。 3 两坝间水位变化对梯级枢纽发电影响分析 从水电站出力计算公式N=KQH，我们知道，产生的能量主要是流量Q和水头H，K为出力系数，与机组的效率有关。当三峡电站和葛洲坝电站发电引用流量相同，两坝间的水位变化会引起两个电站机组的水头变化，对梯级两个电站的发电出力产生影响。通过计算公式分析我们不难发现，由于K值
5、差异很小，如果葛洲坝水库水位变化幅度与三峡尾水位变化幅度比值为1时，可认为总的梯级电量基本相同。由于目前三峡电站的电价高于葛洲坝电价，往往认为降低葛洲坝水位运行，以提高三峡的发电水头可获得较大电量效益和经济效益。 由于不同流量级时水位变化的比值不同，而大部分时期两个电站的引用流量不同，降低葛洲坝的水位使三峡机组增加一定的有效水头，虽然增加三峡的发电量，由于葛洲坝也减少了发电量，不一定获得梯级效益最大。下面就分不同的来水时期两坝间水位变化对梯级枢纽发电影响进行分析。 3.1 枯水期 三峡和葛洲坝电站非弃水的情况，若降低葛洲坝水库水位运行
6、，三峡与葛洲坝增减电量的差值可认为基本为0。 按照目前三峡10台机，所需流量9 600 m3/s左右，从表1可见，10 000 m3/s以下葛洲坝水库水位的变化幅度与三峡的尾水位变化幅度的比值均接近1，若降低葛洲坝水位运行，三峡电站可获得与葛洲坝降低的水头基本相同发电效益。由于三峡的电价高，从经济效益上分析，对企业的经济效益来讲，适当降低葛洲坝水位运行还是合理的。 由于枯水期考虑到系统调峰，调度规程规定葛洲坝必须利用两坝间的水位变幅对三峡进行反调节，如果这时一味要求将“葛洲坝的水头调度到三峡”，并不能使三峡电站获得更多的电量，而且
7、会增加调度上的难度。 因此，在这种来水情况下，电站参与系统调峰时，两坝间水位变幅应满足航运安全，葛洲坝水库水位宜控制在65.5 m左右。当电站参不参与与系统时，为保证葛洲坝机组和船闸上下游水位差不超过27 m，葛洲坝水库日平均水位宜控制在64.065.0 m。 三峡弃水时葛洲坝非弃水时，目前流量在9 60017 000 m3/s，由于葛洲坝通过机组的流量大于三峡机组流量，根据出力计算公式N=KQH，即使此时降低葛洲坝水库水位引起的水头差全部被三峡所利用，三峡所增加的电量应该小于葛洲坝减少的电量。整个梯级电量是减
8、少的。因此这一时期应适当将葛洲坝水位偏高控制。 3.2 弃水期（三峡和葛洲坝都弃水时） 当葛洲坝水头大于设计水头时，流量在17 00020 000 m3/s（和葛洲坝水位控制有关），也就是流量和水头满足葛洲坝机组时，在保证葛洲坝机组超铭牌满发的前提下，尽量降低葛洲坝水库水位，可使三峡获得一定的增发电量。按葛洲坝水位日平均降低0.5 m计算，三峡每台机可增加约0.6万kW出力，每天据统计此流量多年平均约20天，按目前10台机算，每年可增加发电量3000万kWh。 当葛洲坝水头小于设计水头时：流量大
9、于20 000 m3/s时，葛洲坝水库水位的变化幅度与三峡的尾水位变化幅度的比值小于1，而且随着流量的增大，其比值是逐渐减小的。通过分析计算，葛洲坝水位变化1 m，对葛洲坝21台机组的出力影响1520万kW，而对三峡10台机的出力影响只有68万kW。可见适当抬高葛洲坝水位对增加梯级发电效益是明显的。因此，当流量大于20 000 m3/s时，应尽量抬高葛洲坝水库水位在66.0 m左右运行。 以上分析是按目前三峡10台机组运行进行分析的，随着三峡机组的逐渐投运，葛洲坝水位的变化对梯级枢纽发电的影响也在变化，应根据实际情况在调度
10、中具体掌握。 4 合理控制三峡水库水位，拦“洪水尾巴”多发电 在一般情况下，三峡水库水位偏高控制，非弃水时可减少发电单耗，弃水时可增加机组有效水头多发电。在电站处于1弃水和不弃水的小洪水期，洪水前可提前将三峡水库的水位通过机组降低到接近下限值。洪水过后尽量将三峡水库的水位抬高至上限，三峡水库重复利用可增发电量。 按照目前三峡水库允许的变幅134.9135.7 m，库容3.4 亿m3，调度上留有余地，按2. 5亿m3 ，在出现大于20 000 m3/s
11、的洪水时，将三峡水库水位降到下限，在洪水退到小于发电用水流量之前，将三峡水库水位升到上限，这部分库容，相当于增加一天的流量2 600 m3/s，每次洪水增加电量约1 000万kWh。若按每年出现大于20 000 m3/s 的洪水5次计算，每年增加电量约0.5亿kWh。 在2003年5月29日6月8日通过三峡水库重复利用，葛洲坝增发效益 0.3452亿 kWh 如7月2日的实时调度中，根据预报7月4日入库流量将达到25000 m3/s；在2日9时开始进行优
12、化调度，三峡库水位从135.38 m于2150降到135.02m，利用库容1.548亿m3，节水增发电量649万kWh。 不过，“拦洪水尾巴”重复利用库容要和短期水文预报结合起来使用，否则，不仅得不到重复利用库容的“水量效益”，可能损失因水库水位下降而起的“水头效益”。 5 结语 以上从水能利用方面，分析水库水位控制对梯级枢纽的发电影响，由于梯级调度受到防洪、航运及其它方面的制约，梯级枢纽的效益分析是多方面的。应在实时调度中不断总结三峡电站运行特点和规律，加强梯级优化调度研究，以充分发挥梯级枢纽工程的综合效益。
13、 以上分析说明，只要科学调度，合理控制水库水位，是可以提高梯级枢纽的发电效益。以下几点，可供实际调度参考。 1）三峡水库水位，在一般情况下应偏高控制。在电站处于弃水和不弃水的小洪水期，洪水前可提前将三峡水库的水位通过机组降低到接近下限值。洪水过后尽量将三峡水库的水位抬高至上限。 2）枯水期，当三峡和葛洲坝电站非弃水时，葛洲坝水位可适当偏低控制；当三峡弃水而葛洲坝电站非弃水的情况，葛洲坝水位可适当偏高控制。 3）弃水期，当葛洲坝水头大于设计水头时，葛洲坝水库水位可尽量偏低控制。当流量较大的，应抬高葛洲坝水位运行。 organization
14、system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to pr
15、omote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team
16、building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous count
17、ies, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the gene
18、ral election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the
19、 assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system o
20、f investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission
21、 municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Org
22、anization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various l
23、evels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations di
24、rect work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot
25、work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To
26、 select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal
27、organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordan
28、ce with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of tea
29、chers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 m
30、edal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities.
31、 Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding youn
32、g talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations
33、 at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, t
34、he Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to a
35、dhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group manageme
36、nt work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote
37、the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance
38、, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session
39、 of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persever
40、e grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a
41、socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly wi
42、th Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook
43、 on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scienti
44、fic Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic con
45、notation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young peo
46、ple establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote
47、 the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Co
48、mmittee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Im