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1、定语从句定语：是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。从句：复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分。（与主句相对）定语从句：在复合句中作定语的从句；说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子。先行词：定语从句的引导词前面的被定语从句所修饰的名词、代词。关系词：引导定语从句的词，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词一般位于先行词与定语从句之间，且作为定语从句的一个成分。关系代词主要有：which that whowhom whose as；关系副词主要有：whenwhere why。试分析： Her sister has become a lay
2、er which she wanted to be.考点一：关系代词的用法1. 关系代词的作用 . 连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来； . 替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词； . 成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分（主语，宾语或表语）；Yesterday I helped an old manwholosthisway.主句关系代词从句（连接主句和从句，在从句中代替“an old man”，在从句中充当主语）2. 关系代词的用法分类从句用于限制性和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句关系代词指人指物既指人又指物格主格词whowhichthat宾格词who(m)
3、属格词whose/of whomwhose/ of whichwhose（在从句中作定语） 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 . 限制性定语从句起修饰限制的作用，是主句不可少的一部分，与先行词无逗号隔开，翻译成中文常译成前置定语 - “.的人（或东西） ”。从句不能省略，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；Those who want to go, sign their names on the paper. .非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，可有可无，省去不影响句子的意思，常用逗号 隔开，翻译成并列分句。This note was left by John, who was here a m
4、oment ago.注意：why 和 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句能将整个主句作为先行词 （看作一个整体） , 对其进行修饰 , 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.这使我心烦。3. 易混关系代词辨析易混关系代词that 和 which关系词是物时，关系代词that, which 可以通用，但有区别。第 1页1)在限定性定 从句中只能用that 的情况 . 先行 不定代 （ all, nothing, the one, much 等）或被不定
5、代 (all, any, every, no, some, little, much ，few ， one of)修 。 something 两者均可You can take any seat that is free.Tell us all that you know. . 先行 是 first, last, next 等序数 或被序数 修 That is the first composition thatI ve written in English. .先行 是形容 最高 或被形容 最高 修 This is the best that has been used against pol
6、lution. .当人和物同 先行 。(that 既可指人也可指物)Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth. .先行 是be 的表 或关系 在从句中作表 It s a book that will help you a lot.He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. . 先行 被 the only, the very (正是 ,恰是 ), the same 等修 That is the very pen
7、 (that) I am looking for. .当主句是以who， which 或 what 开 的特殊疑 句 （先行 疑 ）Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?What did you hear that made you so angry? .先行 the way/ the time/the moment/the first time/the last time等名 I don tlike the way (that) he talks.This is the third time (that) he has
8、been late this week. .当主句以There be 构开 ，或关系代 在there be 构中作 主 ，且先行 物There is a seat in the corner that is still free.There are two tickets of the film that are for you. .当先行 是基数 Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive. 学 用：1. Was it in
9、the beautiful park _was located by the sea _you first met your new English teacher?A. where; that B. which; which C. that; that D.which; where答案： C2) 只用 which 的情况 . 关系代 前有介 或介 短 Here is a book about which I told you yesterday. . 非限制性定 从句中 ,充当主 或定 或用来指代上文中的一件事情 They have three houses, which are built
10、 of stone.The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could expect. . 先行 后有插入 。Here is the English grammar book which, as I ve told you, will help improve your English.I ve bought you some books which I think may interest you. . 避免重复。I told them a story last night, which that ha
11、d been made up by me was very interesting. . 当先行 本身是that 时What s that which flashed in the sky just now? 学 用：第 2页1. The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car, _ I managed to lower to $3,500.A. since B. what C. which D. that【答案】 C2.27.Bears often hide themselves in places _ canA. in which B. wher
12、e C. that D.不填 t be found by hunters.【答案】 C易混关系代 as 和 whichas 的意思和用法副 词 adv.1. 像.一 地 ,同 地（ 常用于as as 构中前面的“ as”是副 ，修 形容 ；后面的“as”做介 ，后面跟名 ；或做 ，跟从句否定句中用not so as ）Im as tall as him.我和他一样高。The dining room was twice as big as the Toms.这个餐厅比汤姆的餐厅大一倍。2. 如同 ;例如There are lots of famous buildings as Eiffel To
13、wer and Arch of Triumph.这里有许多著名建筑如埃菲尔铁塔和凯旋门。介 prep.1. 作 ,以 .的身份He works as a tour guide. 他作 游工作。She is a famous person as a actress. 作 一个女演 ,他很出名2. 当作 I think him as a good friend. 我把他当作好朋友。3. 像; 如同 The old woman was dressed as a young lady. 位老 人打扮得像一位年 人。 接 conj.（不充当成分）1.像.一 ;依照 ;像 You ought to do
14、as Paul tells you. 你应按照保罗吩咐的做。 Im as tall as he is. 我和他一样高。2.当.时As she left the room she remembered that book. 她离开房 想起了那本 。3.随着As the sun rose the fog dispersed. 太阳一出来 , 随之消失。 As the time goes by 随着 的流逝4.因 We didnt know what to do as we were just visiting there.我 不知道 怎么 ,因 当 我 在那里作 。5. 然Tired as he
15、was, he sat up late. 他 然疲倦 ,可仍然很晚才睡。 （ as 引 的 步状 从句要用倒装）代 pron.1. (与 so, such, the same, as等 用 ,引 关系从句 )与 .相同的事物 ( 或人 ) He has earned as much money as I have. 他 的 和我 的一 多。2. (引 从句 , 前述内容作 充 )本情况 , 事 She has married again, as was expected. 她已再婚 , 是意料中的事。注意区分： This book is written in such easy English
16、 as beginners can understand. （定 从句）This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand. （ 果状 从句） the same that 和 the same as的区 ：表示同一种 多用as，表示同一事物多用that。I have bought the same watch as you have. （我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一 。）This is the（ same） watch that I lost.（ 手表和我 的手表是同一 ）as 和 which 的
17、相同点： . 在非限制性定 从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主 ， ，表 如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用。They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.as 和 which 的不同点：第 3页 .as 引 非限制性的定 从句，修 或代替前面的句子，其意思是“ 一点”；而 which引 的非限制性定 从句不 可以修 或
18、代替全句内容，也可以代替某个 或短 。 .as 指代一句 和which指代一句 的用法区 as 引 的从句可位于句首、句中、句末，后面常接行 的被 ，如be known,be said, bereported 等，往往 有“正如，好像”的意思；如从句中行 是主 ，一般要用which 作主 ，且which 只能放句末。As everyone knows, it is necessary to build a hospital in this small town.It is necessary to build a hospital in this small town, which is cl
19、ear to us. . 非限制性定 从句若是肯定句，用which, as 均可，若是否定句式或意思是否定（消极的含 ）的句子， 多用 which.She has married again, as was expected. 她又 婚了， 是大家意料之中的事。She has married again, which was unexpected. 她又 婚了，真是没想到。 as 的 种用法通常出 在一些固定短 之中(“正如 ” 用搭配 ):as has been said before如之前 的那 as has been mentioned above如上所述as may be imagin
20、ed正如可以想象出来的那 as is well known /As everyone knows,众所周知as was expected正如 料的那 as has been already pointed out正如已指出的那 as we all / I can see正如我 /我能看到的那 as you （ may）still remember正如你（也 ） 得的那 as you said正如你所 的那 as you may have heard,正如你所听 的那 as is often the case 是常有的情形；正如 常 生的情况那 学 用：1. A computer is so u
21、seful _ a machine we can use everywhere.A. that B. which C. as D. what答案C2. We hope the measures to control house prices,_ are taken by the government, will succeed.A which B that C what D as【答案】 A易混关系代 who, whom 和 that先行 是人 ，关系代 可用who(m),that 引 定 从句，但下列情况一般用who, 而不用 that. . 当先行 是 one, ones, any, fe
22、w, all, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, those,people, person, he, they 等代 。Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. .一个句子中 有两个定 从句，其中一个的关系 是that 。The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class. .在 there be 句型中和非限制性句型中There is a
23、person who wants to see you.I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company. .先行 是指人的名 或代 ，且在定 从句中作主 ，用who,且不可省略。Do you know the man who spoke just now? .在非限制性定 从句中作主 必 用who，作 用whom 。Tom s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.第 4页Mr. Green, whom you saw in the library
24、yesterday, will teach us physics next term. .在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m) 。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.There s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited. .当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰,尤其是被一些指物的名词修饰时。Do you know t
25、he writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? .定语从句中有插入语时, 并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.He won another award, which I think is the result of his hard work. .先行词是指人的名词或代词，且在定语从句中作宾语时，用who, whom 或 that 都可以，可以省略；但关系词前有介词时，只能用whom.I have many friends to
26、whom I am going to send postcards.现学现用：1. The increased monthly pay will benefit more than 23 million migrant workers _ are currently employed in Guangdong Province.A where B whose C which D who【答案】 D易混关系代词whose和 which（表示所属关系。的）关系代词在定语从句总做定语时用whose,先行词是人或物的名词均可。指物时，“ whose+名词”可与“限定词 +名词 +of+ which ”
27、或“ of +which+限定词 +名词”换用。This is the student whose handwriting is the best in our school.I want the coat whose color ( the color of which/ of which the color ) is the lightest.现学现用：1. Last month ， part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods ，from _effects the people are still suffering. A.that B.whos
28、e C.those D.what答案B解析考查定语从句关系词的用法。因为floods 与 effects 为所属关系，因此应使用whose.2. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds.A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which 答案： D解析： 句意 “那个人拽出一块金表， 表的指针是用一个钻石做成的 ”。先行词 a gold watch ，代入定语从句后为： The hands
29、of the gold watch were made of small diamonds. 由此可知关系代词应用 which 。4. 定语从句中的主谓一致 . 关系词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。I, who am your friend, will leave for Beijing tomorrow. .which 和 as 指代一个句子时，从句谓语动词用单数。Mary is often late for class , which makes our teacher very unhappy. .当先行词被the only/ the very/the exac
30、t one of修饰时，从句谓语动词用单数，若仅有one of 修饰时则从句的谓语动词用复数形式。He is one of the students who want to be a doctor in the future.He is the only one of the students who wants to be a doctor in the future.5. “介词 +关系词 ”的用法 .若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom ，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用which,不能用 that；关系代词是所有格时用whose .含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如
31、：look for, look after, take care of等第 5页This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T)This is the watch for which I am looking.(F) . “介 +关系代 ”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代 或者数 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quit
32、e many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. . 把握 “介 关系代 ” 构中介 的 用（ 可用一次性 方法和代入法）关系代 前面的介 使用 根据与名 前面的 搭配关系和介 的搭配关系及句子 构上的需要而定That s the reasonfor_ which he was late for school.(for the reason)This is the book _which I spen
33、t 8 Yuan.His glasses, _which he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. (由句意决定 ) 学 用：1. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.A. on whichB. by which C. to whichD. from which答案： C解析：本 考 定 从句。句意“ 力是一种古老的能源，不久的将来我 可以恢复使用 种能源”，“return to”意 “恢复以前的活 或情况”，
34、故 C。2. Eric received training in computer for one year， _ he found a job in a big company.A.after that B.after which C.after it D.after this答案B解析此 “介 +关系代 ”引 非限制性定 从句，which 指代整个主句的内容3. He was educated at the local high school ， _ he went on to Beijing University.A.after which B.after that C.in which
35、 D.in that答案A解析after which 为 “介 +关系代 ” 构，引 非限制性定 从句，which 指代整个主句的内容。考点二：关系副词的用法1.关系副词 when, where, why 和介词 +which 之间的关系当先行 在定 从句中作状 ，要用关系副 。关系副 when, where, why 可以用适当的介 +which 来替代。介 的位置非常灵活，有 放在关系代 之前，有 放在 之后。 .when=表示 的介 （如：in, at, during ） +which .where=表示地点的介 （如：in, at, on, under ） +which .why= 表
36、示地点的介 （如：for） +whichI still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when =on which on the date)This is the room where I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.(where =in which in the room)Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which for the reason)2. 补充说明介 +关系代 （ which ）=where/
37、 when/why 。 有 表达清楚， 可以在关系副 where/when 前加介 from,to 等。China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Thailand and India.3. 高考对关系副词 where 的考查高考 中 于where 的考 于复 ，从先行 由“明 的地点” “地点的模糊化，抽象的地点”。事 上， 于where 个 ，考生不能只理解 表示地点。当先行 表示某人/某物的 境，或某事 展的 段，或表达某事的某个方面 都可用 where 个关系副 。 例如：occa
38、sion（特殊的 合） , situation（形 ，情况）,point等。第 6页The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.事情发展到如此程度，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。注：这种用法不仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中的where，名词性从句中的where 都有这种用法。Where will all this trouble lead?这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果？That is where you are mistaken.这就是你的错误所在。现学现用：1. The villag
39、e has developed a lot _we learned farming two years ago.A.when B.which C.that D.where答案D解析本题考查定语从句，且本句为分隔性定语从句。定语从句的先行词为the village ，从句中缺少地点状语，故用 where 引导。2. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.A. when B. whose C. which D. where答案： D解析：句意
40、 “那些成功的聋哑舞蹈家任务舞蹈是一项视力比听力更重要的活动”。先行词是an activity ，代入定语从句后为： Sight matters more than hearing in the activity. 由此可知先行词在定语从句中与介词in 一起作状语，故用关系副词，而本句中的activity 可表示 “地点的模糊化 ”，故选 D 。考点三：关系代词和关系副词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词既关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，它们还有一个最重要的作用，那就是它们在定语从句中充当成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句做状语。因此，在选择引导词时
41、，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系副词。 （解题思路）试比较下面的句子：a)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？b)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？分析：在句a)中，定语从句中缺少宾语，因此须用关系代词which/that来引导从句，而在b)句中，定语从句中不缺主语，也不缺宾
42、语，因此须用关系副词when 来引导从句。现学现用：Ill never forget the days _ I learned hard in my senior high school, _ changed my whole life.A that; which B when; whichC which; when D that; that【答案】 B考点四：定语从句与其他句式的比较The reason why he didn tcome was unknown.（定语从句）The reason that he gave was not right. （定语从句）The reason why
43、 he didn tcome was that he was ill.（）She did all she could to help him.（）She did what she could to help him.（）第 7页She is not the girl she used to be. （）She is not what she used to be. （）总结：由以上例句可以看出，分清定语从句与其他复合句的关键是要掌握先行词及其后的关系词，要看其是否在从句中作成分（关系代词） ，是否有意义（关系副词） 。现学现用：There is much chance_ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A.that B.which C.until D.if答案A解析that 引导同位语从句，在从句中无意义，也不作句子成分；which 引导定语从句应作句子成分，引导名词性从句表示 “哪一个 ”；用 until 意义不通，用if 则应为