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1、FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the worldscommercial energy,COAL,OIL,NATURAL GAS,20 richest countries consume:,50% of coal 80% of natural gas 65% of oil,U.S. energy consumption,9%,COAL,Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel,10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at present rate,Coal mines,Surface (strip) mine
2、, Western U.S.,Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.,Coal cheaper,but polluting,Much Eastern U.S. coal has high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine Much Western U.S. coal has low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine But mining in semi-arid West more damaging to land.,Heat value of coal types,Anthraci
3、te Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite,51% of U.S. use in coal,Energy lost from coal,10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage),65% lost in power plants,Effects on health,Black Lung Disease (miners) Respiratory illnesses (public),Effects on land,Coal sludge releases Hardpan at strip mines Mountaint
4、op removal Huge water use Slurry pipelines,Effects on air,Greenhouse gases 3/4 sulfur dioxide 1/3 nitrogen oxides 1/2 carbon dioxide Toxics Mercury Uranium,Acid rain,Acidity of rain,pH of 6.0 Kills insects, crabs pH 5.0 Kills fish, trees,Sources of Nitrogen Oxides,Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide
5、create acid rain Tall stacks deposit farther,Coal scrubbers,The future? Hydrogen fuel cells,NATURAL GAS,Methane, other Gases in bedrock,Advantages of natural gas,Cleaner to burn Half as much CO2 as coal More efficient 10% energy lost 60-year supply at current rates,Disadvantages of natural gas,Diffi
6、cult to transport Pipelines Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted Methane bed drilling pollutes,OIL (PETROLEUM),Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons,Oil Consumption by Sector (1998),Proven oil reserves,465 billion barrels consumed 1 trillion barrels lef
7、t 22 billion consumed a year 45 years to go! Party now!,1800,2200,2600,Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels,Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993),World Crude Oil Production,World Crude Oil Prices(economic crises in oil
8、states),Global trends in oil,Growing use in China (+10%/year) Japan, Europe depend on Mideast New reserves around Caspian Sea Nearly size of Saudi Arabia Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses,Kuwait oil well fires, 1991,Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea,Oil & natural gas pipelines,U.S. tre
9、nds in oil,Diverse sources (not Mideast) Venezuela, Nigeria, etc. Opening domestic sources Alaska controversy Polluting technologies? Oil shale extraction Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil),Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989,Attempts tocontain spill,Clean-up efforts,Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged,O
10、il in Ecuador,Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer 70% of exports Drilling in Amazon rainforest,Opposition to oil companies,Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands Displacement of Indians, deforestation Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill,Ecuador Indian occupations,Texaco with
11、drew 1992, Arco met demands,Lawsuit against Texaco in U.S. courts, 1999,Oil in Nigeria,Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta,Nigeria had military governments in 1990s,Environmental problemsin Niger Delta region,Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups,Gas flaring hazards,Oil spills in mangrove swa
12、mp,Ogoni environmental protests,Oil companies collude with military,Many Ogoni killed by military,Ogoni leader Dr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995,Shell Oil pays, transports soldiers,Nigerian women protest, 2002,Protest against pollution, lack of local jobs,Ijaw women occupy Chevron oil docks,Websites on oil industryand global opposition,Rainforest Action Network http:/www.ran.org Project Underground http:/www.moles.org,