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1、Unit 7Cultural Variations in Negotiation Styles,Negotiation,Managements ability to negotiate productively effects their ability to implement strategies Negotiation is the process of discussion by which two or more parties aim to reach a mutually acceptable agreement Negotiating across borders is mor
2、e complex because of the number of stakeholders involved,The Negotiation Process,Stage One Preparation,Negotiator must familiarize themselves with The entire context and background of their counterparts To the specific subjects to be negotiated Differences in culture, language, and environment Manag
3、ers must have an understanding of their own negotiating style,Stage One - Preparation,Managers should find out as much as possible about The kinds of demands that might be made The composition of the opposing team The relative authority that the members possess Develop a profile of their counterpart
4、s They consider different variables during this process as well,The Negotiation Process,Relationship building taking time to build mutual trust before starting business discussions May require go-betweens Be prepared to wait for the other party to start business negotiations Exchanging task related
5、information during this stage each side makes a presentation and states its position, normally followed by a question-and-answer session Role reversal: showing an understanding of the other partys viewpoint and needs,The Negotiation Process,Persuasion during this stage both parties try to persuade t
6、he other to accept more of their position while giving up some of their own; there are recognizable tactics for this stage Stressful tactics Concessions and Agreements at this point each side will make various concessions so that an agreement can be reached and signed,Understanding Negotiation Style
7、s,Understanding Negotiation Styles,For North Americans, negotiations are businesslike; their factual appeals are based on what they believe is objective information, presented with the assumption that it is understood by the other side on a logical basis. Arabs use affective appeals based on emotion
8、s and subjective feelings. Russians employ axiomatic appeals that is, their appeals are based on the ideals generally accepted in their society.,Profile of an American Negotiator,Knows when to compromise Takes a firm stand at the beginning of the negotiation Refuses to make concessions beforehand Ke
9、eps his or her cards close to his or her chest Accepts compromises only when the negotiation is deadlocked Sets up the general principles and delegates the detail work to associates Keeps a maximum of options open before negotiation Operates in good faith,Profile of an American Negotiator,Respects t
10、he “opponents” States his or her position as clearly as possible Knows when he or she wishes a negotiation to move on Is fully briefed about the negotiated issues Has a good sense of timing and is consistent Makes the other party reveal his or her position while keeping his or her own position hidde
11、n as long as possible Lets the other negotiator come forward first and looks for the best deal,Profile of an Indian Negotiator,Looks for and says the truth Is not afraid of speaking up and has no fears Exercises self-control Seeks solutions that will please all the parties involved Respects the othe
12、r party Neither uses violence nor insults Is ready to change his or her mind and differ with himself or herself at the risk of being seen as inconsistent and unpredictable,Profile of an Indian Negotiator,Puts things into perspective and switches easily from the small picture to the big one Is humble
13、 and trusts the opponent Is able to withdraw, use silence, and learn from within Relies on himself or herself, his or her own resources and strengths Appeals to the other partys spiritual identity Is tenacious, patient, and persistent Learns from the opponent and avoids the use of secrets Goes beyon
14、d logical reasoning and trusts his or her instinct as well as faith,Profile of an Arab Negotiator,Protects all the parties honor, self-respect, and dignity Avoids direct confrontation between opponents Is respected and trusted by all Does not put the parties involved in a situation where they have t
15、o show weakness or admit defeat Has the necessary prestige to be listened to Is creative enough to come up with honorable solutions for all parties Is impartial and can understand the positions of the various parties without leaning toward one or the other,Profile of an Arab Negotiator,Is able to re
16、sist any kind of pressure that the opponents could try to exercise on him Uses references to people who are highly respected by the opponents to persuade them to change their minds on some issues Can keep secrets and in so doing gains the confidence of the negotiating parties Controls his temper and
17、 emotions Can use conference as mediating devices Knows that the opponent will have problems in carrying out the decisions made during the negotiation Is able to cope with the Arab disregard for time,Managing Negotiation,Managing Negotiation,Successful management of intercultural negotiations requir
18、es the manager To gain specific knowledge of the parties in the upcoming meeting To prepare accordingly to adjust to and control the situation To be innovative A problem solving approach is essential to successful cross-cultural negotiations Treat everyone with respect, avoid making anyone feel unco
19、mfortable, dont criticize or blame others in a personal way such that they lose face,Using the Web to Support Negotiations,Negotiation Support Systems (NSS) can provide support for the negotiation process by: Increasing the likelihood that an agreement is reached when a zone of agreement exists (sol
20、utions that both parties would accept) Decreasing the direct and indirect costs of negotiations, such as costs caused by time delays (strikes, violence), and attorneys fees, among others Maximizing the chances for optimal outcomes,Comparative Management in Focus: Negotiating with the Chinese,The Chi
21、nese think in terms of process that has no culmination. Americans think in terms of concrete solutions to specific problems. . . . The Chinese approach is impersonal, patient and aloof . . .To Americans, Chinese leaders seem polite but aloof and condescending. To the Chinese, Americans appear errati
22、c and somewhat frivolous. Henry Kissinger, Newsweek, May, 2001,Comparative Management in Focus: Negotiating with the Chinese,Business people have two major areas of conflict when negotiating with the Chinese Amount of detail about product characteristics Apparent insincerity about reaching an agreem
23、ent Chinese negotiation process is affected by three cultural norms Politeness and emotional restraint Emphasis on social obligations Belief in the interconnection of work, family, and friendship,Comparative Management in Focus: Negotiating with the Chinese,Tips to foreigners conducting business in
24、China Practice patience Accept prolonged periods of stalemate Refrain from exaggerated expectations Discount Chinese rhetoric about future prospects Expect the Chinese to try to manipulate by shaming Resist the temptation to believe that difficulties are your fault Try to understand Chinese cultural
25、 traits,Managing Conflict,Decision Making,Stages in the Rational Decision Making Model Defining the problem Gathering and analyzing relevant data Considering alternative solutions Deciding on the best solution Implementing the decision,Cultural Variables Affecting Decision Making,Objective (basing d
26、ecisions on rationality) versus subjective (basing decisions on emotions) approach Risk tolerance Locus of control internal (managers in control of events), or external (managers have little control over events),Cultural Variables Affecting Decision Making,Comparative Management in Focus: Decision M
27、aking in Japan,Ringi system: time to decide vs. time to implement,Looking Ahead,Chapter 6 - Formulating Strategy Reasons for going international Strategic Formulation Process Steps in Developing International and Global Strategies,Stakeholders,Return,Twelve Variables in the Negotiation Process,Persuasion Tactics,Return,个人观点供参考，欢迎讨论,