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1、Microorganisms and Microbiology,Chapter 1,Chapter outline,1.1 What is a microbe? 1.2 The importance of Microbiology 1.3 Microbes in our lives 1.4 The history of microbiology 1.5 Important events in the development of microbiology,Concepts,Microorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observ
2、ed in organic and inorganic matter (e.g., fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature. The development of microbiology as a scientific discipline has depended on the availability of the microscope and the ability to isolate and grow pure cultures of microorganisms
3、. Microbiology is a large discipline, which has a great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfare,The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that can not be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae
4、 are all included in this category.,1.1 What is a microbe?,Our world is populated by invisible creatures too small to be seen with the unaided eye. These life forms, the microbes or microorganisms, may be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope.,Microbial world,Organisms (living),Infec
5、tious agents (non-living),Prokaryotes (unicellular),eukaryotes,viruses,viroids,prions,Eubacteria,Archaea,Algae (unicellular or multicellular),Fungi (unicellular or multicellular),Protozoa (unicellular),Other (multicellular organisms),Most of the bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are single-celled microo
6、rganisms, and even the multicelled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. Viruses are not even cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.,The size and cell type of microbes,The size and cell type of microbes,Microbes impinge on all as
7、pects of life, just a few of these are listed below:,The environment,Medicine,Food,Biotechnology,Research,1.2 The importance of microbiology,The environment Medicine Food Biotechnology Research,Press here to continue,Microbes are responsible for the geochemical cycles. They are found in association
8、with plants in symbiotic relationships. Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens, but others may act as biological control agents against diseases.,The disease-causing ability of some microbes is well known. However, microorganisms have also provided us with the means of their control in the fo
9、rm of antibiotics and other medically important drugs.,Microbes have been used to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and bread making, to the manufacture of soy sauce. But microbes are also responsible for food spoilage.,Traditionally microbes have been used to syn
10、thesize important chemicals. The advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the cloning of polypeptides into microbes.,Microbes have been used as model organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetical processes. Millions of copies of the same single cell can be produced very qui
11、ckly and give plenty of homogeneous experimental material. Most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.,1.3 Microbes in our lives,Microorganisms as Disease Agents Microorganisms and Agriculture Microorganisms and the Food Industry Microorganisms, Energy, and the E
12、nvironment Microorganisms and the Future,Branches of Microbiology,Bacteriology,Protozoology,Parasitology,Microbial Morphology,Mycology,Virology,Phycology or Algology,Microbial physiology,Microbial taxonomy,Microbial genetics,Molecular biology,Microbial ecology,The future of microbiology is bright,Mi
13、crobiology is one of the most rewarding of professions, because it gives its practitioners the opportunity to be in contact with all the other natural science and thus to contribute in many different ways to the betterment of human life.,1.4 The history of microbiology,In the field of observation, c
14、hance favors only prepared minds. - Louis Pasteur,The discovery of microorganisms,The spontaneous generation conflict,The recognition of microbial role in disease,The discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matter,The development of microbiology in this century,The discovery of micro
15、organisms,The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganisms,Antony van Leeuwenhock (1632-1723),The first person to observe and describe microorganisms was the amateur microscopist Antony van leeuwenhoek of Delft, Holland.,Leeuwenhock made his simple, single-lens microscope which cou
16、ld amplify the object being viewed 50 300 times. Between 1673-1723, he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed from the samples of rainwater, and humam mouth.,Leeuwenhoeks drawings of bacteria from the human mouth.,A drawing of one of the microsco
17、pes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.,lens,Object being viewed,adjusting,screws,Pasteurs contributions:,Louis Pasteur working in his laboratory,Louis Pasteur (1822 1895),Pasteur (1857) demonstrated that lactic acid fermentation is due to the activity of micro-organisms
18、 Pasteur (1861) conflict over spontaneous generation birth of microbiology as a science Pasteur (1881) developed anthrax vaccine Pasteurization,Spontaneous generation that living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter.,The spontaneous generation conflict,Pasteurs swan neck flas
19、ks used in his experiments on the spontaneous generation of microorganisms,Conclusion: Microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter, but are produced by other microorganisms,Robert Koch in his laboratory,The recognition of microbial role in disease,Robert Koch (1843 1910),Koc
20、hs demonstration of special organisms cause special diseases,Kochs postulates,The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.,The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.,The disease must result when the isolated microo
21、rganisms is inoculated into a healthy host.,The same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host,The Golden age of microbiology,Koch and pure cultures,Fermentation and Pasteurization,Germ theory of disease,Vaccination,The discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matte
22、r,The Russian microbiologist Winograsky discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur and ammonia to obtain energy, and also isolated nitrogenfixing bacteria. Beijerinck made fundamental contributions to microbial ecology. He isolated Azotobacter and Rhizobium.,Alexander Fleming (1881-195
23、5),Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin. He had the insight to recognize the significance of the inhibition of bacterial growth in the vicinity of a fungal contaminant.,Date Microbiological History 1676 Leeuwenhoek discovers animalcules Pasteur shows that lactic acid fermentati
24、on is due to a microorganism Pasteur shows that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation 1867 Lister publishes his work on antiseptic surgery 1869 Miescher discovers nucleic acids 1876-1877 Koch demonstrates that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis Laveran discovers Plasmodium, the
25、cause of malaria 1881 Koch cultures bacteria on gelatin Pasteur develops anthrax vaccine,1.5 Important events in the development of microbiology,1884 Kochs postulates first published Metchnikoff describes phagocytosis Gram stain developed 1887 Petri dish (plate) developed by Richard Petri Beijerinck
26、 isolates root nodule bacteria Beijerinck proves that a virus particle causes the tobacco mosaic disease 1921 Fleming discovers lysozyme 1923 First edition of Bergeys Manual 1928 Griffith discovers bacterial transformation 1929 Fleming discovers penicillin Ruska develops first transmission electron
27、microscope 1935 Stanley crystallizes the tobacco mosaic virus,Avery shows that DNA carries information during transformation Waksman discovers streptomycin Watson and Crick propose the double helix structure for DNA 1961-1966 Cohen et al use plasmid vectors to clone genes in bacteria 1980 Developmen
28、t of the scanning tunneling microscope 1983-1984 The polymerase chain reaction developed by Mullis 1990 First human gene-therapy testing begun Discovery of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest known bacterium Escherichia coli genome sequenced Discovery that Vibrio cholerae has two separate chromos
29、omes,1.How did Pasteurs famous experiment defeat the theory of spontaneous generation? 2.How can Kochs postulates prove cause and effect in a disease? 3.Who was the first person to use solid culture media in microbiology? What advantages do solid media offer for the culture of microorganisms?,REVIEW
30、 QUESTIONS:,4.What is the enrichment culture technique and why was it a useful new method in microbiology? 5.When and how Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics?,1. Pasteurs experiments on spontaneous generation were of enormous importance for the advance of microbiology, having an impact on the m
31、ethodology of microbiology, ideas on (he origin of life, and the preservation of food,to name just a few. Explain briefly how the impact of his experiments was felt on each of the topics listed.,APPLICATION QUESTIONS:,2. Describe the various lines of proof Robert Koch used to definitively associate
32、the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the disease tuberculosis. How would his proof have been flawed if any of the tools he developed for studying bacterial diseases had not been available for his study of tuberculosis?,Ronald M.Atlas Clifford Renk Principles of Microbiology.,沈萍 1999. 微生物学 高
33、等教育出版社。,J。尼克林著 林雅兰等译。 科学出版社。,周德庆 2002. 微生物学教程 第二版。高等教育出版社。,李阜棣 胡正嘉 . 2000 微生物学。 第五版。中国农业出版社 。,赵斌 何绍江. 2002 微生物学实验。科学出版社。,Johnson.case. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology.,John P.Harley Lansing M.Prescott Microbiology 3th Edition.,Lansing, M. Prescott ;John, P. Harley; and Donald, A. Klein . 2002. Microbiology, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill .,Gerard J. Tortora ; Bardell R. Funke ; Christine L. 1998. Case. Microbiology An Introduction , 6th . Benjamin/Cummings.,Michael, T. Madigan; John, M. Martinko; and Jack, Parker. 2003. Brock Biology of Microorganisms , 10th . Prentice-Hall.,References:,