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1、冠词,一、冠词的泛指、特指和类指,泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。 特指是指上文已经提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或事物，也可以指说话双方所默认的特定的人或事物。 类指是指具有共同性质或典型特征的事物的一个类别。,二:冠词的泛指和特指用法:,单数可数名词一定要用冠词,a/ an,the,泛指单一,每一,任一事物,指类别,特指,上文提到过的人或事物 被限制性修饰语所限度的人或事物 说话双方默认的人或事物 世上独一无二的事物,指类别,复数可数名词和不可数名词,the特指,上文提到的人或事物 被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物 说话双方默认的人或事物,零冠词,泛指的人或事物
2、 指类别,二:不定代词a/an的惯用法,1、当紧挨着冠词的第一个音素是辅音音素时，用a. 当紧挨着冠词的第一个音素是元音音素时，用an. 如: a unvesity; a useful animal; an uncle; an X-ray; an 800-meter race 2.表示 the same; one;a certain或every的意思。 e.g The two boys are of an age. (the same age) I earn 10 dollars an hour . (every hour) A Mr.Smith is waiting for you. ( a
3、 certain),2.用于某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示 “一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”. e.g That is a green tea. They were caught in a heavy rain. a pleasure / a success/ a failure,3. 用在某些抽象名词前，该抽象名词前便具体化了。 e.g He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success. Her book is a collection of short stories. 4. 与不定冠词连用的习语。
4、have a cold; have a good time; have a word with; keep a diary in a hurry; at a loss; do sb. a favour; at a diatance; a collection of e.g This picture looks beautiful at a distance. He was at a loss when he heard this news.,5.不定冠词的特殊位置。 quiet/ rather+a/an+adj+n.(单数) what/ such/half+a/an+n. (单数) rathe
5、r/so/too/how/as+ adj+a/an+n.(单数) many a/an +n.(单数) =许多 not a/an+n. .(单数)不只一个 quiet a kind man such a beautiful girl He is as great a man as other leaders. What a clever boy he is!= How clever a boy is!,三、定冠词的主要用法,1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。 I find a man in the street;the man said he got a new job. 2. 表示世界上独一
6、无二的事物。 the earth; the moon; the Great Wall 3. 用在姓氏的复数前，表示该夫妇俩或全家人。 the Greens the Chens 4. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。 the first the second 5. 用在表单位的名词前。 I have hired a car by the hour.(按小时) Eggs are sold by the dozen. (按每12个) 6. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前 the West Lake; the Yellow River; the Red Sea,7.用在年代，朝代和逢十
7、的数词（表某个年代）前 the Tang Dynasty; in the 1990s 8. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。 the poor; the rich; the young 9. 用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。 the Chinese; the English 10. 西洋乐器前加定冠词。 the piano; the violin 11. 在句型“动词人介词the身体某一部份”中 the不可以用人称代词代替 take sb.by the arm (抓住某人手臂) hit sb. In the face (打某人的脸) 12. 固定搭配。 in the dist
8、ance; in the end; at the same time; on the other hand; on the whole,三:零冠词的几种情况: 1.不可数名词，复数名词前表泛指 Hores are useful animals. 2.季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前，一般不加冠词。（除了特指某前的季节等） on Sunday; have lunch; on the spring of 2009 3. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前，一般不加冠词。 play football; play chess 4. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前，不加冠词。 Doctor, I am not
9、 feeling well. 5. 中国乐器前不加冠词。 play erhu; play piba 6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。 by car; by train,7. 在turn，go（变成、成为）变成后面的名词做短语时，名词前不加冠词。 但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。 His dream of turning great leader came true. 8.纯不可数名词 weath ; fun; space; advice; progress; information; news 9. as引导的让步状语从句句型中的单数名词前. 零冠词单数名词as/though
10、+主谓主句（虽然.但是） e.g. Hero as he is, he is still modest. Child as she is, she knows a lot. 10.固定搭配。 in debt， in good (bad) health， in good condition， in office（就职）， in honour of， in trouble (difficulty)， in favour of，in general， in (out of) order，on business on holiday， on fire， from morning till night，
11、,四、特殊情况 1. the +序数词 （第） the second chance a +序数词(又一，再一） a second chance 2. the+独一无二的名词the moon; the earth a +独一无二的名词 a full moon; 3. the +最高级（三者或以上中最) . a+最高级（无比较之意，表非常） He is the most deligent students in the class. It is a most useful book.,4. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来，名词前无冠词，则表示抽象意义；名词前有冠词，则表示具体意义。
12、 out of problem不成问题 take place发生 out of the problem不可能 take the place of代替 in hospital， at table in front of in the hospitalat the table in the front of， on earth of age成年 lose colour脸色苍白 on the earth of an age 同岁 lose the colour褪色,The sign reads“ In case of_ fire, break the glass and push_ red butt
13、on. A. ; a B. ; the C. the ; the D. a ; a 2. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite_ exciting experience. A. ; the B. ; an C. an ; an D. the ; the 3.Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _IQ. A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highesta 4. On May
14、5, 2005, at_ World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in mens doubles with _ score of 4: 1. A. a; a B. 不填; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a 5. This book tells _ life story of John Smith, who left _ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. Athe; theBa; theCthe; 不填Da; 不填 6. I know _ John Lennon, but not _ famous one A. /; a B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a 7. If you grow up in _ large family, you are more likely to develop _ ability to get on well with _others A/; an; theBa; the; /Cthe; an; the Da; the; the,The End,