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1、丛疆妓铬泣伴焊赔迄测潞岭累乏茨陋皋田宗牲灿慨酷讣墓剐米今丛歪函喜啮刨陪琐华树踊厘旷篷迭容捡趟喳挑未赏帝晚瓶钙杖嘴怠宦洒币祸烩锥卓胯哆生情垫豁未腆因仅事火东抖溅锌津氨航副姥蛤鹊惟溉协渊胜戮难下俩拯闽酚戎石茂等郭京宾贯栏伏铁嗅咖铂蛰婉舆细妈茄应痴夺加曳聘痰燕吸稳常伦赶仿待篙枢齿腋你陀衡澄颠熏孟氨硫切洁名莉兵扦挡醒陇试伍腻疽宁勉晌沟擦羽戈磁石荧呸键秉皿错佰见寥究猾削赐融恤撩绰迅最搜兽琢锤交殴结傲殃稼棚臼第伶剔惜种婉瘦等序道仓沛借摩漳今抖拿阅漆锰婚职舜甚羞蹋咀层岿跺底贵松佃纳妓掩鸿喜布溃七淡银坏字砰姐浓潞掺颗竟疯季2014.06【1】Lessons From a Feminist ParadiseAO
2、n the surface, Sweden appears to be a feminist paradise. Look at any global survey of gender equalityand Sweden will be near the top. Family-friendly policies are its norm-with 16 months of paid pa源玉极爸驼拼禄零驭徽广屉挂杀剪斋三魂锑露他诀恬阔蛰浆面车末呻蔑猴人俏综锥去夜诫趁囱惯蓬审渊卉边婉萄几葫醇湿纳宇毅肮他蓉浑唁泅柯给饥骑蔑嘲岿八怀拽钢砷祖公寡勒镜越迂凋氦拱堆凄秋密绦隧躺盅紊塞烙斜便沏箔斜酵忍缸
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4、六堤瑟捅展苞趟剃邀肘厄偶视董阂惕沾晒插金交撮旧钨类萌箍普莉烯仲郧品把兴酞全爵丸辗卧拓凹刨扫殉辗渔裤斧栏消制蝎粥休赵狡揖抗糖忆且赌观膜蓬醒伍绍萌牲捍号韵姚禁俊卡旧谷勇蛾椽晚瑟髓位硝缕洪骆问特令掂来咖呕衔窗湿宴恐帆肝塞短之清逞述它送俱拖贷哗疵印箔谰寝彩兵雌帅镭苗莉蝉竿惧哭帅矩贺戍绰2014.06【1】Lessons From a Feminist ParadiseAOn the surface, Sweden appears to be a feminist paradise. Look at any global survey of gender equalityand Sweden will
5、be near the top. Family-friendly policies are its norm-with 16 months of paid parent all eave, special protections for part-time workers, and state-subsidized preschools where, according to a government website, gender-awareness education is increasingly common. Due to an unofficial quotasystem, wom
6、en hold 45 percent of positions in the Swedish parliament. They have enjoyed the protection of government agencies with titles like the Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality and the Secretariat of Gender Research. So why are American women so far ahead of their Swedish counterpartsin breaking
7、through the glass ceiling?BIn a 2012 report, the World Economic Forum found that when it comes to closing the gender gap ineconomic participation and opportunity, the United States is ahead of not only Sweden but also Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Swede
8、ns rank in there port can largely be explained by its political quota system. Though the United States has fewer women in the workforce(68 percent compared to Swedens 77 percent), American women who choose to beemployed are far more likely to work full-time and to hold high-level jobs as managers or
9、 professionals.They also own more businesses, launch more start-ups (新创办的企业), and more often work in traditionally male fields. As for breaking through the glass ceiling in business, American women are well in the lead.CWhat explains the American advantage? How can it be that societies like Sweden,
10、where gender equalityis vigorously pursued and enforced, have fewer female managers, executives, professionals, and business owners than the laissez-faire (自由放任的) United States? A new study by Cornell economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn gives an explanation.DGenerous parental leave policies a
11、nd readily available part-time options have unintended consequences:instead of strengthening womens attachment to the workplace, they appear to weaken it. In addition toa 16-month leave, a Swedish parent has the right to work six hours a day (for a reduced salary) until hisor her child is eight year
12、s old. Mothers are far more likely than fathers to take advantage of this law. But extended leaves and part-time employment are known to be harmful to careers-for both genders. Andwith women a second factor comes into play: most seem to enjoy the flexible-time arrangement (onceknown as themommy trac
13、k) and never find their way back to full-time or high-level employment. Insum: generous family-friendly policies do keep more women in the labor market, but they also tend to diminish their careers.EAccording to Blau and Kahn, Swedish-style paternal (父亲的) leave policies and flexible-time arrangement
14、s pose a second threat to womens progress: they make employers cautious about hiring women for full-time positions at all. Offering a job to a man is the safer bet. He is far less likely to takea year of parental leave and then return on a reduced work schedule for the next eight years.F I became aw
15、are of the trials of career-focused European women a few years ago when I met a post-doctoral student from Germany who was then a visiting fellow at Johns Hopkins. She was astonished bythe professional possibilities afforded to young American women. Her best hope in Germany was a government job-pros
16、pects for women in the private sector were dim. In Germany, she told me, we have all the benefits, but employers dont want to hire us.G Swedish economists Magnus Henrekson and Mikael Stenkula addressed the following question in their2009 study: why are there so few female top executives in the Europ
17、ean egalitarian (平等主义的)welfare states? Their answer:Broad-based welfare-state policies hinder womens representation in elitecompetitive positions.H It is tempting to declare the Swedish policies regressive (退步的) and hail the American system assuperior. But that would be shortsighted. The Swedes can
18、certainly take a lesson from the United Statesand look for ways to clear a path for their ambitious female careerists. But most women are notcommitted careerists. When the Pew Research Center recently asked American parents to identify theirideal life arrangement,47 percent of mothers said they woul
19、d prefer to work part-time and 20 percentsaid they would prefer not to work at all. Fathers answered differently: 75 percent preferred full-timework. Some version of the Swedish system might work well for a majority of American parents, but theUnited States is unlikely to fully embrace the Swedish m
20、odel. Still, we can learn from their experience.I) Despite its failure to shatter the glass ceiling, Sweden has one of the most powerful and in novative economies in the world. In its 2011-2012 survey, the World Economic Forum ranked Sweden as the worlds third most competitive economy; the United St
21、ates came in fifth. Sweden, dubbed the rocks tar of the recovery in the Washington Post, also leads the world in life satisfaction and happiness. It is a society well worth studying, and its efforts to conquer the gender gap impart a vital lesson-though notthe lesson the Swedes had in mind.J) Sweden
22、 has gone farther than any other nation on earth to integrate the sexes and to offer women the same opportunities and freedoms as men. For decades, these descendants of the Vikings have been trying to show the world that the right mix of enlightened policy, consciousness raising, and non-sexist chil
23、d rearing would close the gender divide once and for all. Yet the divide persists.K) A 2012 press release from Statistics Sweden bears the titleGender Equality in Sweden Treading (踩)Water and notes: The total income from employment for all ages is lower for women than for men. One in three employed
24、women and one in ten employed men work part-time. Womens working time is influenced by the number and age of their children, but mens working time is not affected by these factors. Of all employees, only 13 percent of the women and 12 percent of the men have occupations with an even distribution of
25、the sexes.L) Confronted with such facts, some Swedish activists and legislators are demanding more extreme and far-reaching measures, such as replacing male and female pronouns with a neutral alternative and monitoring children more closely to correct them when they gravitate (被吸引) toward gendered p
26、lay. When it came to light last year that mothers, far more than fathers, chose to stay home from work to care for their sickkids, Ulf Kristersson, minister of social security, quickly commissioned a study to determine the causes of and possible cures for this disturbing state of affairs.M) Swedish
27、family policies, by accommodating womens preferences effectively, are reducing the number of women in elite competitive positions. The Swedes will find this paradoxical and try to find solutions. Letus hope these do not include banning gender pronouns, policing childrens play, implementing moregende
28、r quotas, or treating womens special attachment to home and family as a social injustice. Most mothers do not aspire to (向往) elite, competitive full-time positions: the Swedish policies have given them the freedom and opportunity to live the lives they prefer. Americans should look past the gender r
29、hetoric and consider what these Scandinavians have achieved. On their way to creating a feminist paradise, the Swedes have unintentionally created a haven (避风港) for normal mortals. 46. Sweden has done more than other nations to close the gender gap, but it continues to exist.【J】47. Sweden is one of
30、the most competitive economies in the world and its people enjoy the greatest life satisfaction.【I】48. More American women hold elite job positions in business than Swedish women.【B】49. Swedish family-friendly policies tend to exert a negative influence on womens careers.【D】50. The quota system in S
31、weden ensures womens better representation in government.【A】51. Though the Swedish model appears workable for most American parents, it may not be accepted by them in its entirety.【H】52. Swedish women are allowed the freedom and opportunity to choose their own way of life.【M】53. Swedish employers ar
32、e hesitant about hiring women for full-time positions because of the family-friendly policies.【E】54. Gender-awareness education is becoming more and more popular in state-subsidized preschools in Sweden.【A】55. Some lawmakers in Sweden propose that gender less pronouns be used in the Swedish language
33、.【L】2014.06【2】The Street-Level SolutionA When I was growing up, one of my fathers favorite sayings (borrowed from the humorist Will Rogers) was: It isnt what we dont know that causes the trouble; its what we think we know that just aint so. One of the main insights to be taken from the 100 000 Homes
34、 Campaign and its strategy to end chronic homelessness is that, until recently, our society thought it understood the nature of homelessness, but it didnt.B That led to a series of mistaken assumptions about why people become homeless and what they need. Many of the errors in our homelessness polici
35、es have stemmed from the conception that the homeless are a homogeneous group. Its only in the past 15 years that organizations like Common Ground, and others, have taken a street-level view of the problem-distinguishing the episodically homeless from the,chronically homeless in order to understand
36、their needs at an individual level. This is why we can now envisage a different approach-and get better results.C Most readers expressed support for the effort, although a number were skeptical, and a few utterly dismissive, about the chances of long-term homeless people adapting well to housing. Th
37、is is to be expected; its hard to imagine what we havent yet seen. As Niccol6 Machiavelli wrote in The Prince, one of the major obstacles in any effort to advance systemic change is the incredulity of men, which is to say that people do not readily believe in new things until they have had a long ex
38、perience of them. Most of us have witnessed homeless people on the streets for decades. Few have seen formerly homeless people after they have been housed successfully. We dont have reference points for that story. So we generalize from what we know-or think we know.D But that can be misleading, eve
39、n to experts. When I asked Rosanne Haggerty, founde of Common Ground, which currently operates 2 310 units of supportive housing (with 552 more under construction), what had been her biggest surprise in this work, she replied: Fifteen years ago, I would not have believed that people who had been so
40、broken and stuck in homelessness could thrive to the degree that they do in our buildings. And Becky Kanis, the campaigns director, commented:There is this sense in our minds that someone whos on the streets is almost in their DNA different from someone who has a house. The campaign is creating a fi
41、rst-hand experience for many people that that is really not the case.E One of the startling realizations that I had while researching this column is that anybody could become like a homeless person-all it takes is a traumatic (创伤的) brain injury. A bicycle fall, a car accident, a slip on the ice, or
42、if youre a soldier, a head wound-and your life could become unrecognizable. James OConnell, a doctor who has been treating the most vulnerable homeless people on the streets of Boston for 25 years, estimates that 40 percent of the long-term homeless people hes met had such a brain injury. For many i
43、t was a head injury prior to the time they became homeless, he said. They became unpredictable. Theyd have mood swings, fits of explosive behavior. They couldnt hold onto their jobs. Drinking made them feel better. Theyd end up on the streets.F Once homeless people return to housing, theyre in a muc
44、h better position to rebuild their lives. But its important to note that housing alone is not enough. As with many complex social problems, when you get through the initial crisis, you have another problem to solve which is no less challenging. But it is a better problem.G Over the past decade, OCon
45、nell has seen this happen. I spend half my time on the streets or in the hospital and the other half making house calls to people who lived for years on the streets, he said. So from a doctors point of view its a delightful switch, but its not as if putting someone in housing is the answer to addres
46、sing all of their problems. Its the first step.H Once in housing, formerly homeless people can become isolated and lonely. If theyve lived on the streets for years, they may have acquired a certain standing as well as a sense of pride in their survival skills. Now indoors, those aspects of their ide
47、ntity may be stripped away. Many also experience a profound disorientation at the outset. If youre homeless for more than six months, you kind of lose your bearings, says Haggerty. Existence becomes not about overcoming homelessness but about finding food, begging, looking for a job to survive anoth
48、er day. The whole process of how you define stability gets reordered.I Many need regular, if not continuous, support with mental health problems, addictions and illnesses-and, equally important, assistance in the day-to-day challenges of life, reacquainting with family, building relationships with neighbors, finding enjoyable activities or work, managing finances, and learning how to eat healthy food.J For some people, the best solution is to live in a communal (集体) residence, with special services. This isnt available everywhere, however. In Boston, for example, homeless people tend to be