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1、英语句子成分及基本结构,（一）句子成分的定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,（二）句子的具体成分,主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。 一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。 大多数主语都在句首。,1 The room is very clean. （名词） 2 We often speak English . （代词） 3 Eight is my lucky number.
2、（数词） 4To teach them English is my job. （动词不定式）,5 Swimming is good for our health. (动名词） 6.What we need is food. （句子） 7.The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容词),找出下面句子的主语 1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. To talk with you is a great pleasure 3. Cleaning the house needs a lot of t
3、ime. 4. They are our good friends. 5. What he said was right. 6. Eight is a lucky number in China .,谓语(predicate),谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”，“怎么样”。谓 语必须是动词，体现时态和语态，一般放在主语之后。谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：由情态动词+动词原形 或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成。 如： He can
4、speak English.,常见情态动词：,can / could 能，可以，可能 may / might 可以，可能 need 需要 must 必须，务必 will /would 表意愿 should 应该 have to 不得不,+ 动词原形,作谓语,助动词：帮助构成时态和语态，不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。,一般现在时态： does/ do 一般过去时态： did 一般将来时态： will / shall 过去将来时态： would/ should 现在完成时态： have / has 过去完成时态： had 现在进行时态：am / is / are 过去进行时态
5、：was /were,We always get up at seven. They are talking about something. He went to the park yesterday. The boy can play guitar very well. He doesnt like speaking Chinese. I have seen the film before. He didnt finish his homework last night.,找出下列句子的谓语,1. We saw them playing football. 2. Our teacher i
6、s telling us something. 3. A blind man was walking slowly. 4. Friends make my life full of excitement. 5. Recently ,we have developed the good habit. 6. We must study English very hard. 7. Our country will become stronger. 8. The train had left by 10 last night.,表语(predicative),表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样，它一般位于
7、系动词之后，构成主系表结构，说明主语的状况，性质，特征等。,常见的系动词：,1. 表状态：be 2. 表感官：look, sound, smell, taste, feel 3. 表变化：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, fall 4. 表持续,保持：keep,remain,stay 5. 表似乎,像：seem，appear,1 I am a teacher. （名词） 2 I am ten. （数词） 3 He became rich and successful. （形容词） 4 Everyone is here. （副词） 5 They are at
8、home now. （ 介词短语） 6 My job is to teach them English. （不定式）,找出下列句子的表语,1. We are the master of our future. 2. The old man felt very sad. 3. Our country will become stronger 4. My father kept silent. 5. Your words seemed right. 6. The drink tastes quite wonderful. 7. In spring the trees turn green.,8.
9、The boy is very clever. 9. No one remains young forever. 10. The girl has become skillful. 11. It doesnt seem quite true. 12. The idea sounds wonderful.,宾语(object),宾语：表示动作所涉及的对象，内容或承受者。 宾语,动宾：动词+宾语,介宾：介词+宾语,例：read books like English The book is good for us .,1 He is playing the piano.（名词） 2 He often
10、 helps me.（代词） 3 He likes to watch TV. (动词不定式） 4 He likes watching TV. （动词ing) 5.I dont know what he is talking. (句子）,找出下列句子的宾语, My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swi
11、mming . The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,宾语补足语,英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。,1 We called him Dongming.（名词）2 We saw him playing soccer. （现在分词） 3 We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)4 We found math difficult.（形容词） 5 Mom makes me st
12、udy all day. （省to不定式）,找出句子中的宾语补足语, She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： 1 She is a beauti
13、ful city.（形容词）2 My beef noodles is here. ( 代词）（名词） 3 The boy with glasses is my brother. (介词短语） 4 I have something to say.( 不定式）,找出下列句子的定语,1. The black bike is mine. 2. Whats your name? 3. I have five books. 4. They made paper flowers. 5. The book in the room is Jack. 6. It is a swimming pool. 7. Do
14、 you know the sleeping boy.,状语(adverbial),状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分, 说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的，比较等,可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。,1. Tom runs quickly. 2. I get up at six every day.3 .I play soccer very well.4. In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 5. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pe
15、n. 6. The boy needs a pen to do his homework.,找出下列句子的状语,1. We arrived at Shanghai at six yesterday. 2. She didnt go to the party because of the rain. 3. Mr Smith lives in America. 4. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 5. He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly. 6. I am tal
16、ler than he is.,同位语,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teacher, will come to our school.,独立成分,有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：mum, dad。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The s
17、tory, I think, has never come to the end情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。,句子种类,句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定） 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意） 3）祈使句 4）感叹句,2、按句子的结构可分三种： 简单句、并列句和复合句,2、按句子的结构可分三种：,1）简单句： 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语 （或并列谓语）。1. He often reads English in the morning.2.
18、 Tom and Mike are American boys.3. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.,2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 e.g. 1. You help him and he helps you. 2. He wants to go there but I dont 3. Hurry up, or you will be late. 4. This house belongs to Mr.Smith； I
19、t costs millions of dollars.,3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子 。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句， 状语从句等。 1. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. (状从） 2. This is the book that I want. （定从） 3. I think that he is right. (宾从）,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：,We often study Chinese history on Friday afte
20、rnoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 4. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 5. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.,简单句,复合句,简单句,并列句,复合句,下列句子哪些是正确的？ 为什么？
21、,1. I like English, my English is very good. 2. I like English and my English is very good. 3. As I like English, my English is very good. 4. I have a house, its windows are very big. 5. I have a house and its windows are very big. 5. I have a house, whose windows are very big.,简单句的五种基本句型,1 主语+不及物动词
22、：( 主谓) 1 We work. 2 She came just now 3 They went. 常见的不及物动词：come go work walk swim arrive stay laugh happen,2 主语+系动词+表语(主系表),系动词 一be动词类：am、is、are、was、were 二表示变化类：become、get、turn、grow、三感官动词类:look sound smell taste feel seem1 He is a student 2 That sounds good. 3 The apple tastes sweet 4 They become r
23、ich.,3主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾）,1 Henry bought a dictionary. 2 Mike ate three cakes 3 She drew a beautiful picture.,4、主语+谓语（及物动词）+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）,1 My father bought me a car. =My father bought a car for me 2 He gave me three yuan. =He gave three yuan to me 初中阶段常见的给予动词用法有： bring/send/give/take通常加 to sb. buy/mak
24、e/cook/sing/draw通常加 for sb.,5、主语+谓语（及物动词）+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）,1 We made the baby laugh./happy.2 I heard him sing. 3 I saw him dance. 4 I found the book interesting. 5 We call him Tom. 6 His father named him Tom.（叫，称呼）,属于宾语+补足语的动词短语有 1 want sb to do sth 2 would like sb to do sth 3 ask sb to do sth 4 tell sb to do sth 5 wish sb to do sth 6 help sb to do sth 7 let/make/have sb do sth 8 see/hear/watch sb do/doing sth,