《大学英语-翻译课件-增译.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学英语-翻译课件-增译.ppt（41页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、词的增补,英译汉,英汉两种语言由于表达方式不同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。 增词一般用于以下三种情况：,一、为了语法上的需要,英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词。例如： an elephant一头大象 a pencil一支铅笔 Soon the whole sky is azure and flaming. 不一会儿，万里晴空已是一片火红。,英语动词有时、体和语气的变化，而汉语动词却没有对等的表现形式，翻译时常常须增加一些表示时、体和语气的词才行。例如： Yesterday evening
2、 I had seen her on her knees in front of the house. 昨天夜晚我曾看见她跪在房子前面。 She would spend hours dressing herself in fine clothes, and brushing her black hair. Then she would stand by the mirror and admire herself. 她总是要花几个小时为自己盛装打扮，梳理她乌黑的头发。之后她还常常照着镜子自我欣赏一番。,英语中可数名词有单复数之分，汉语则没有。翻译时有时有必要增加恰当的词语以便传达这一含义。例如：
3、 The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。 She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea. 她热情地把客人们迎了进来，然后给他们各端了一杯茶。,英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。例如： That year the Chinese yuan bought more, and the U.S. dollar less. 那一年可用中国人民币买的东西多，可用美元买的东西少。 The country avoided a civil war, but o
4、nly just. 全国避免了一场内战，但仅仅是险而又险地避过了。,二、为了意义上的需要,在英译汉时，有时有必要增加合适的名词、动词、形容词(或是功能相当于形容词的名词)或副词，使译文清楚无误。例如： And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his army of the future. 接着他发表了长篇大论，振振有辞地把他心目中的未来的军队鼓吹了一番。 Fortune knocks at every mans door once in a life, but in a good many cases, the man is i
5、n a neighboring saloon and does not hear her. 每一个人的一生中，幸运之神都只来敲一次门，可是许多情况下，那个受到眷顾的人竟在隔壁的酒馆里，听不见她敲门。,英语中某些名词汉译时需增译一个形容词才能使意思表达完整。例如： Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers. 速度快，可靠性强是电子计算机的主要优点。 The United States of America has been a melting pot ever since its begi
6、nning. 美国自建国以来一直就是个民族的大熔炉。,英语中有些介词短语并不包含动词，汉译时却要增译一个动词才能使意思表达完整正确。例如： After the football match, the players all shook hands with each other. 足球比赛结束后，运动员们互相握手。 He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were in a gentle and saintly smile. 他看得出，她一生都很有
7、耐心。因此现在在经过多年的忍耐之后，她的嘴边总挂着一丝温柔圣洁的微笑。,有时为了意义明确还必须重复同一词语或是增补连词、承上启下的词、概括词以及上下文需要或背景需要的词语。例如： “The public dont like him.Hes too quiet for them, thats the trouble.” “公众们都不喜欢他。他们觉得他太安静，问题就在这儿。” The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, communications and microfilm. 这篇论文总结了在计算机、通讯设备以及影像缩
8、微技术这三方面的新成就。,三、为了修辞上的需要,为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，有时需要增补适当的描述词(如名词、动词、形容词或副词)，语气助词，或是使用叠词和四字词组，或是重复某些词组。例如： In spite of her crippled hip, the basement was spotless. 虽然她走路一瘸一拐，但是地下室总是被她打扫得干干净净。 I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time. 我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。,TRANSLATION
9、APPRECIATION,1. Tastes differ. 百人百味。 2. The best is the enemy of the good. 要求过高，反难成功。 3. The best physicians are Dr.Diet, Dr.Quiet, and Dr.Merryman. 合理饮食，不怒不躁和心情愉快是最好的医生。 4. The dainties of the great are the tears of the poor. 富人口中的美味，是穷人眼中的泪水。 5. Out of office, out of danger. 无官一身轻。,6. Patience is
10、the best remedy. 忍耐是良药。 7. Please the eye and plague the heart. 图一时快活，必然留下隐患。 8. Praise makes good men better, and bad men worse. 好人越夸越好，坏人越夸越糟。 9. Prevention is better than cure. 预防胜于治疗。 10. Half a loaf is better than no bread. 有比没有好。/ 聊胜于无。,11.Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience. 谚语是日常经
11、验的结晶。 12.Pull the chestnut out of fire. 火中取栗。 13.The dumb man eating the bitter herb: to suffer the bitterness of it in silence. 哑巴吃黄连有苦难言。 14.The early bird catches the worm. 早起的鸟儿有虫吃。/ 捷足先登。 15.Talk black into white. 颠倒黑白。,Exercises,ADVENTURES OF LITERACY WORKERS For most people the word “educatio
12、n” means “school” and “school” conjures up an image of a building with classrooms. But what do people think of when they hear “literacy programs”? Probably nothing. 扫盲工作者的惊险历程 对大部分人来说，“教育”就意味着“学校”，而一提到“学校”，想到的是大楼里一个一个的教室。但当听到“扫盲计划”的时候，他们会想到什么呢？也许什么也没有想到。,Living in illiteracy is such an unknown even
13、a little mysterious experience. Yet today nearly a billion people are illiterate, not to mention the 113 million school-aged children who do not attend school. Wonderful progress has been made during the last half of the twentieth century in the field of education. But still the number of adult illi
14、terates, particularly women, rises. 文盲是怎样生活的？我们不知道；我们甚至还会感到有些神秘。但即使在今天，世界上还有10亿文盲，这个数字还不包括1.13亿失学的学龄儿童。当然，20世纪后半叶，教育领域已取得了长足的进步。但成人文盲的人数，尤其是妇女文盲的人数却增加了。,This is now the challenge of the twenty-first century the thorn in the side of efforts to achieve Education for All (EFA).It has become clear that
15、Education for All cannot be possible without Literacy for All.However, tremendous strides have been made in literacy. How has this been possible? Who brought it about? 这是对21世纪的挑战对我们实现“全民教育”计划的努力，无疑也是一个巨大的障碍。非常明显，没有“全民扫盲”，就不会有“全民教育”。当然，扫盲工作已取得了巨大的成就。那么，这些成就是怎么取得的呢？是谁做出了这些成就?,The people behind literac
16、y efforts must be congratulated for working against all odds to bring about this achievement. But where are they? Who are they? What are their tasks like? And their problems, challenges and rewards? What inspires them? What conditions do they work and live under? 我们必须赞扬那些为扫盲工作做出贡献的人，他们克服了种种困难才取得了这些成
17、就。那么，他们这些人在哪儿呢？他们又是谁？他们是怎样工作的？他们会遇到怎样的问题和挑战？他们能取得多少报酬？是什么激励他们从事扫盲工作的？他们的工作条件和生活条件又是怎样的？,汉译英,汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。所以，要通顺并准确地译出汉语原文的含义，逐词翻译是不行的，译文中必然有所增词。,一、根据句法结构需要增词,1. 增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补出主语。如： 不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless one perseveres. 怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going
18、 to rain. 又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze.Isnt it ridiculous?,没有调查，就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. 努力实现和平统一。 We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland. 重点是普及义务教育， 积极发展职业教育和成人教育，适度发展高等教育，优化教育结构。 We
19、 must lay emphasis on making compulsory education universal，vigorously developing vocational education and adult education, moderately developing higher education and optimizing educational structure.,2. 增补非人称的或强调句中的it,英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中许多表达方法英译时需增补it。 一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder
20、day by day. 是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 Its time we took effective measures. 你三星期完成这项设计不容易。 It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks. 把钟拆开比把它再装起来容易。 Its easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again. 尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 Its better to try and fail than never try at all.,下面两个例句中it起强调作用:
21、我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems. 我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that.,3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it,在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。如： 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over an
22、d over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected. 他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露。 The more he tried to hide his warts，the more he revealed them.,我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice. 老师们认为，让学生记住简单地把两种物质混合起来就可能引起化学变化，是很重要的。 The teachers consid
23、er it very important for the students to remember that simply mixing two materials may bring about a chemical change.,4. 增补物主代词,在汉语中，物主代词常可省略，但在英语中，凡是说到一个人的器官和归他所有的或与他有关的事物时，经常要在前面加上物主代词。如： 别把手搁在口袋里。 Dont put your hands in your pockets. 他走进屋来，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。 He entered the room，his coat covered with
24、snow and his nose red with cold.,5. 增补并列连词,汉语语言精练，很少使用并列连词，但译为英语时，需要增补并列连词。 男女老少都参加了战斗。 Men and women，old and young，all joined in the battle. 你干吗不去问他? Why dont you go and ask him about it? 最好把毛衣穿上，外面相当冷。 Youd better put on your sweater，for its rather cold outside. 跑了和尚，跑不了庙。 The monk may run away，bu
25、t the temple cannot run away with him.,6. 增补从属连词或关系代词等,汉语在表达上，从属关系是寓在句子里的，译为英语时必须明确表达出来。而关系代词则是汉语中没有的英语表达法，必须在翻译时增补上。 “你不为自己着想，也得为我想想。” “Think of me，if you wont think of yourself.” 不努力，不会成功。 One will not succeed unless one works hard. 凡是在科学技术上有建树者，都是工作最勤奋，并且勇于创新的人。 Those who have made original contr
26、ibutions to science and technology are the ones who have worked the hardest and have not been afraid to break new ground.,7. 增补连系动词,在汉语中，形容词可以直接作谓语，但在英语中却需要用系动词与形容词连用，构成谓语。 昨天元旦，人人都很高兴。 It was New Years Day yesterday，and everybody felt very happy. 我们应当虚心。 We should always be modest.,8. 增补介词,汉语中不需要用介
27、词的地方，译成英语时常常需要增补介词。因此在汉译英时，增补介词的情况是屡见不鲜的。例如： 公共场所不准吸烟。 Smoking is prohibited in public places. 你是白天工作还是夜间工作? Do you work in the daytime or at night? 你经常想到帮助别人是很好的。 It is good of you to be always thinking of helping others.,9. 增补冠词,汉语里没有冠词，因此，汉译英时往往需要增补必要的冠词。 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 The moon was slowly rising abo
28、ve the sea. 我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能将问题解决得妥当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.,二、为了明确表达原文的含义而增词,1. 增补在汉语中不言而喻的词语 A班学习成绩很好。 The students in Class A have won a brilliant academic record. 谁都知道朝鲜战场是相当艰苦的。 Every one knows that life on the Korean battlefield was
29、rather hard. 窝藏不报者，须受相当的处分。 Persons who shelter undesirable elements and do not report them to the authorities concerned shall be duly punished.,2. 为了使上下文衔接，增补连接词语,努力学习吧，努力学习三年五载，你就会精通英语了。 Study hard! Study hard for three to five years! By that time you will be proficient in English. 李先生病了，我们得找个人代替他
30、。 Mr.Li fell ill, thus making it necessary for us to find a substitute for him.,三、为了适应英语句子的逻辑要求而增词,英语句子各部分逻辑关系比较严谨，在形式上主次分明，而汉语句子的结构较为自由，如果把汉语直译成英语，不增加在英语中必须要有的词，就会使句意不清。因而，为了将原文的意思传达清楚，必须加词。 我们的革命和建设，成绩是主要的，缺点错误也有。 In our revolution and construction, the achievements are primary，though there are sh
31、ortcomings and mistakes. 其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。(鲁迅：故乡) For actually the earth had no roads to begin with，but when many men pass one way, a road is made.,TRANSLATION APPRECIATION,1. 吃一堑，长一智。 A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. / Experience must be bought. 2. 不要小题大做。 Dont make a mountain out of a mo
32、lehill. 3. 趁热打铁。 Strike the iron while it is hot. 4. 创业容易守业难。 It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open. / Keeping is harder than winning. 5.初生牛犊不怕虎。 The more wit, the less courage.,6. 聪明反被聪明误。 A wise man may fall into a pit of his own digging. / A clever man may fall a victim to his
33、 own cleverness. 7. 不能只见树木不见林。 One cannot see the wood for the trees. 8. 大智若愚。 A truly wise person does not show off his (her) ability. / He knows most who speaks least. 9. 当局者迷，旁观者清。 Lookers-on see more than players. 10. 道高一尺，魔高一丈。 While the priest climbs a post, the devil climbs ten.,11. 让过去的事过去吧！
34、 Let bygones be bygones! 12. 满不在乎 like water off a ducks back 13. 白费力气 plough the air 14. 因祸得福 a blessing in disguise 15. 千载难逢 once in a blue moon,Exercises,扁鹊的医术 魏文王问名医扁鹊：“你们家兄弟三人，都精于医术，到底哪一位最好呢?” 扁鹊答说：“长兄最好，中兄次之，我最差。”文王再问：“那么为什么你最出名呢?” Bianque the Physician Bianque was a famous physician in ancien
35、t China. One day Weiwenwang, the King of Wei asked him，“You and your two brothers are all skilled in medicine, which of you is the best?”He answered，“My eldest brother is the best，the next is my elder brother, and the last is me.”The king asked again，“Then how is it that you are the most famous?”,扁鹊
36、答说：“我长兄治病，是治病于病情发作之前。由于一般人不知道他事先能铲除病因，所以他的名气无法传出去，只有我们家的人才知道。我中兄治病，是治病于病情初起之时。一般人以为他只能治轻微的小病，所以他的名气只及于本乡里。 Bianque replied，“My eldest brother treats a disease when it is just beginning to show symptoms. What he does is to remove pathogen, members of my family can all see that but other people cannot
37、. Thats why he doesnt enjoy wide recognition. My elder brother cures a disease in its early stages. People thus mistake him as only capable of treating minor illnesses. So he is merely known within this locality and its neighborhood.,而我扁鹊治病，是治病于病情严重之时。一般人都看到我在经脉上穿针管来放血、在皮肤上敷药等大手术，所以以为我的医术高明，名气因此响遍全国
38、。” 文王说：“你说得好极了。” As for me, I treat a disease when it is already well developed and very serious. People observe me perform bloodletting by injecting tubes into vessels or applying medical ointment on the skin，and thus look upon me as well versed in medicine. So I have become well known all over the
39、 country.” The king was quite satisfied and said, “Youve given a cogent explanation.”,心得 事后控制不如事中控制，事中控制不如事前控制。可惜大多数的事业经营者均未能认识到这一点，等到错误的决策造成了重大的损失才寻求弥补，有时是亡羊补牢，为时已晚。 What we can learn from the story is this: Prevention is better than contro1, which in turn is better than remedy after the event. Its a pity that many enterprise managers fail to see this and try to seek remedies after wrong decisions have incurred great losses，which，they will find, may be too late to make up for.,