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1、History of Turfgrasses,Biblical references: grasses used in Persian and Arabian gardens 13th century literature referred to the use of turn on lawn “bowling” areas The word “turf” is derived from the Sanskrit “darbhus”, meaning a turf of grass 16-17th century, golf and turf areas developed,History c
2、ontinued,First lawn mower invented by Edwin Budding , England, 1830 Private lawns developed in Victorian England, brought to US by English settlers. Had to wait until the hardwood forests were cleared to permit grass establishment. Williamsburg classic example of small turf areas at each house. This
3、 was the change.,Origin of Turfgrasses,Most species used for turf are not native to North America, with the exception of buffalograss. All the primary species have been introduced Most turf species are “forest-fringe” species, which distinguishes them from taller prairie species,Origin of Turfgrasse
4、s,Turfgrasses developed in close association with domesticated animals. Man thus unwittingly imposed natural selection on many of the grasses we now use for turf Only grasses able to withstand repeated grazing (close cutting) were able to survive Many grasses introduced to US as feed for livestock f
5、rom the ships, or seed that “hitched a ride”,Recent History Tremendous changes in last 40 yearsLinked to rising interest in golf, TV,Many new, improved cultivars (cultivated varieties - a named variety) Pesticide development - 2,4-D one of first Refined fertilizer programs, inorganic fertilizers New
6、 equipment such as aerifier, vertical mower, modern irrigation systems,Size of the Turf Grass Industry,UNITED STATES (1983) 25 To 30 million acres (size of new england) $25 Billion in annual maintenance COSTS STATE SURVEYS = $1 BILLION EACH New York (1982), California (1983), Virginia, North Carolin
7、a (1986) Pennsylvania (1992),North Carolina Survey (1994),Over 2 Million Acres $1 Billion in Annual Maintenance Costs Over 2 Million Homelawns 76,000 Miles of Roadsides 500 Golf Courses (12 Million Rounds of Golf),What Species are Grown in NC?,Tall fescue 52% of total Bluegrass/fescue 8% Bermudagras
8、s 7% Centipedegrass 4% others: zoysiagrass, ryegrass, bahiagrass, carpetgrass, St. Augustinegrass,Wheres the Money?How Golf Courses Allocate $,Labor, Mowing28.3% of total Mowing Equipment etc.15.1% Labor, Pesticides 8.4% Fertilizer 7.9% Labor, Irrigation 3.6%,Segments of the Turf Grass Industry,Home
9、lawns Roadsides Golf Course Lawn Care Parks Athletic Fields Sod Production Schools,Commercial Grounds Cemeteries Churches Institutions Turf Sales Airports,Selected Turf and Turf-related Occupations,Cemeteries Management Consultants Education/ Extension Equipment Manufacturers / Sales,Fertilizer Manu
10、facturers / Sales Garden Stores/Nurseries Golf Course Operations More .,Selected Turf and Turf-related Occupations,Irrigation Installation and Design Journalism, Newsletters, Etc. Landscaping / Construction Lawn Care Lawn Service Firms Lime Production/Sales,Parks Management Pesticide Manufactures/Sa
11、les Research Seed Firms/Sales Sod Production Turf Management, Parks, Etc.,Definitions,Turf A covering of mowed vegetation plus the medium (soil) in which the grasses are growing Turfgrass the plant community consisting of certain species in the Poaceae forming a continuous ground cover with persists
12、 under regular mowing and traffic,Definitions,Grass Any Plant of the Poacea Family (Cereals, Forages, Bamboo) Parallel Venation MonocotHaving One Cotyledon (Seedling Leaf) in the Seed,Definitions,Turfgrass culture Science and practice of establishing and maintaining turfgrass Turfgrass management En
13、compasses labor supervision, recordkeeping, budgeting, and cost accounting as well as culture Sod Harvested turf,Definitions,Green A closely mowed, highly manicured turfgrass maintained for a specific purpose Types: golf, bowling, tennis Native Grass Originate and persist in a region Naturalized Gra
14、ss Adapt and persist but not originate from the region,CLASSIFICATION OF MERION KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS,Kingdom Plantae Division Embryophyta Subdivision Phanaerogama Branch Angiospermae Class Monocotyledoneae Subclass Glumiforae Order Poales Family Poaceae Subfamily Pooideae Tribe Poeae Genus Poa Species
15、 pratensis Cultivar Merion,The Importance of Turf,In 1971 life magazine conducted a survey and found that 95% of respondents said green grass and trees around me is the most important environmental factor In 1980 Better Homes and Gardens chose lawns as most important landscaping element (61%),Reason
16、s for Turf,Aesthetics Ornamental Grasses Mental Relaxation Recreation Exercise Sporting Events,Reasons for Turf,Safety Reduce Glare Roadside Stopping Reduce Fire Reduce Rodents, Snakes Reduce Injuries,Reasons for Turf,Environmental Quality Moderate Temperatures 15 Degrees Cooler Than Bare Ground 30
17、Degrees Cooler Than Concrete,Reasons for Turf,Environmental Quality (continued) Reduce Erosion Reduce dust, lengthen life of equipment Reduce noise 30-40% Convert unusable land - land fills for example,Reasons for Turf,Environmental Quality (continued) Recycle effluent Release oxygen Absorb toxic em
18、issions Reduce allergies (but can also cause allergies),Reasons for Turf,Economics Realtors say landscaping adds 6% to value Homeowners say landscaping adds 15% to selling price Sell faster Recovery value 100-200% but only 40-70% for patio and deck,Sporting Events that Utilize Turf as a Playing Surf
19、ace,Archery Badminton Baseball Cricket Croquet Football Frisbee Golf Horseracing Horseshoes Lawn Bowling,Lawn Darts Playgrounds Rugby Skiing, lawn Skiing, snow Soccer Softball Steeple Chase Tetherball Track & Field Volleyball,Turf Quality,Turf quality is a function of use, appearance and playability
20、 There are two categories: Visual Functional,Visual Quality,Density - number of shoots per area Texture - leaf width Uniformity - even appearance Color Growth habit - type of shoot growth Smoothness - surface feature that affects quality and playability,Density,Texture,Uniformity,Smoothness,Function
21、al Quality,Rigidity Resistence of leaves to compression Elasticity Tendency of leaves to spring back Resiliency Capacity to absorb shock without changing surface Yield Clippings removed with mowing,Rigidity,Elasticity,Ball Roll,Clippings,Verdure,Functional Quality (continued),Verdure Aerial shoots r
22、emaining after mowing Rooting Amount, depth of root growth Recuperative capacity Recovery potential,TEN GOOD REASONS TO GROW A LAWN,Home Lawns Help the Environment The next time youre mowing on a hot day, thinking that green concrete may really be the answer, consider all of the ways your lawn retur
23、ns your favor of good care:,10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn,1. The front lawns of a block of eight average houses have the cooling effect of about 70 tons of air conditioning. The average home central air conditioning unit has about 3-4 ton capacity. Consider how much energy is saved by those lawns!,
24、10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn,2. On a hot summer day, grass can be 10 to 14 degrees cooler than exposed soil and as much as 30 degrees cooler than concrete or asphalt. 3. A 50 by 100 foot well-maintained grass area will create enough oxygen to meet the needs of a family of four every day.,10 Good R
25、easons to grow a lawn,4. Acting like a gigantic sponge, lawns absorb all types of airborne pollutants such as soot, dust and carbon monoxide, as well as noise. 5. Recent studies show healthy lawns absorb rainfall six times more effectively than a wheat field and four times better than a hay field, b
26、eing exceeded only by virgin forest. Lawns filter the moisture to the water table where it can again be used by everyone.,10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn,6. A Penn State University study showed thick lawns slow the velocity of runoff and allow the water to infiltrate. A healthy, high quality lawn was
27、 at least 10 times more effective than a patchy lawn with a lot of weeds.,10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn,7. While a quality turfgrass reduces runoff water, it also prevents erosion by water or wind and the loss of valuable topsoil. 8. Homes, sports fields and parks with healthy lawns provide safer r
28、ecreational areas when grass acts as a cushion to reduce shock and potential injury.,10 Good Reasons to grow a lawn,9. Aesthetically, there can be no argument that a beautiful lawn is immediately pleasing to the eye and relaxing in its appearance. l0. While some may scorn the work, others find lawn
29、maintenance requirements an excellent opportunity to enjoy reasonable exercise and as a diversion from the hustle and bustle of life.,Quiz,What is the difference between the following terms: A. Turfgrass culture vs turf management? B. Native vs naturalized grass? C. Turf vs turfgrass? D. Density vs texture? E. Resiliency vs rigidity?,