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1、 Inheritance and Innovation of Culture in Suzhou Museum Design I think an excellent building is always regarded as a monument of traditional culture and aesthetic achievement. A city or a nation will not have status without its own representative buildings. In such a environment of globalization, ma
2、ny Chinese contemporary buildings have been being influenced by the Western architectural styles. The architectural style of most contemporary buildings is showing a tendency to Western architectural style such as some skyscrapers. As a consequence, people cannot point out any element or factor of C
3、hinese contemporary architectural styles have local cultural characteristic. From my point of view, buildings are always playing crucial role in the environment of a whole city, and one of the most important principles is to consider the relation between local historical culture and surrounding envi
4、ronment. However a building not only has to reflect traditional culture but also supported by new technologies. Italian structural engineer architect Pier Luigi Nervis thesis is that a good architecture is a synthesis of technology and art. Pier Luigi Nervi, Aesthetics and Technology in Building The
5、 city buildings should have the attribute of technology and culture. The development of science and technology is achieved by discovery or invention, that is to say, new technologies are updated all the time, people can abandon outdated technologies without thinking. However, the progress of culture
6、 and art should depend on the accumulation, it is a gradual change. And the most significant is to balance inheritance and innovation.Therefore, facing the challenge of Western culture, how can a building has local traditional culture and keep step with the contemporary society of China? I think the
7、 new Suzhou Museum is a good example to answer the question. Suzhou is renowned as a center of art and culture in China. It is an ancient city has 2700-year history. Many graceful epithets have been applied to Suzhou-Venice of China (Fig.1), city of garden (Fig.2)-for its bridges and gardens were as
8、 renowned as its pagodas and temples. During the Ming dynasty (13681644) the city was a gathering place for the nations leading poets and painters, which may account for the number of outstandingly beautiful gardens which brought the city fame. More than a hundred such gardens in and around Suzhou,
9、were recorded in the citys history. Johnston, Scholar Gardens of China, 94 Fig. 2 Traditional gardenFig.1 Riverside city All the Suzhou traditional gardens are private gardens. The existing private gardens were built as retreats by gentlemen scholars, the rich and ranked class of feudal society. Mos
10、t of the private gardens were built adjacent to their residences, as an extension of the formal courtyard houses to provide a refuge from the tension of the hierarchical society. Some gardens were constructed as resorts intended only for occasional visits, when the house gardens were considered too
11、familiar to lend enchantment. The original motive for building private gardens seems to have been an admiration for wilderness hampered by unwillingness to forsake the convenience of city life. Efforts were made to create miniature worlds of wilderness in city areas. Frances Ya-sing Tsu, Landscape D
12、esign in Chinese Gardens, 10 Private gardens were intended to offer ideal environments for scholastic activities such as studying, painting, composing verses, cultivating plants, fish, and birds, and garden making itself. Nowadays, Suzhou changed greatly. Increasing number of modern buildings which
13、are influenced by Western culture have appeared in this peaceful city (Fig.3). Nothing can impress you except the shape, hi-tech or materials. I.M.Pei, who designed the new Suzhou Museum, is a famous modernism architect in the world. He said, Chinese architecture really doesnt have a sense of direct
14、ion. Since ming dynasty, there really hasnt been anything that one can say, none. An interruption of 500 years - thats serious. I.M.Pei: Building China Modern, American Master, March 31, 2010, http:/ Fig. 3 The photo of contemporary Suzhou I.M.Pei also said, suzhou is surrounded by water. Water is e
15、verywhere. Its a very poetic place. But most important, I think when you look at suzhou you have to think of Suzhou as a city that is 2,500 years old. Built of wood and built of tile and brick. So this is a small-scale city. It is a human-scale city. And it is a city for life, for people living ther
16、e. And as such, I think the museum has to reflect this tradition and at the same time we have to think about change . Suzhou cannot remain like this forever. It has to have a chance to renew itself - to become modern. I.M.Pei: Building China Modern, American Master, March 31, 2010, http:/ .Ibid Suzh
17、ou is entering into a modern world, It needs a new symbol, and this symbol should harmonize the traditional culture and modern consciousness. On the one hand, it needs inheritance, one the other hand, it needs innovation. The cultural inheritance of the new Suzhou Museum is accomplished by many fact
18、ors like form, colors, materials and so on. It is a Three-dimensional art to design a building. I believe form concerns spirit which depends on materials, shapes and arts form. Innovation of Eastern and Western culture can only be achieved by the recombination of forms and materials. It cannot be co
19、nsidered as modern or national style only by simply using modern symbol pattern and new architectural materials. It is not doubt that the issue of combination of culture and form has already become a basic issue of making contemporary architecture modern and national. The new Suzhou Museum is the sy
20、mbol combines Suzhou tradition style and modernism. It evokes memories of urban architectural culture. The new Suzhou Museum was established on October 6th, 2006 next to the World Cultural Heritage-Zhuo Zhengyuan Garden ( Humble Administrators Garden ). The new Suzhou Museum is the latest masterpiec
21、e of I.M.Pei for his hometown-Suzhou. I am going to compare the new Suzhou Museum with Suzhou traditional gardens from several aspects. A closer analysis follow: Layout The building complex of the Suzhou Museum is divided into three major parts. The center part includes the entrance, front court and
22、 great hall while the west wing is designed as the main exhibition area, and the east belongs to primarily the administration offices and sub-exhibition galleries. The total exhibition area covers roughly 3600 square meters, and houses 1160 cultural relics dated from the prehistoric era to Ming and
23、Qing Dynasties as well as more recent years. The resemblance is the layout of the new Suzhou Museum and Suzhou traditional gardens. The outstanding achievement in Chinese garden designing is the unity of natural and man-made beauty, especially the layout. The ideological base for this can be traced
24、back over two thousand five hundred years to the philosophical and aesthetic thought of Confucianism and Daoism. A major principle of these two doctrines used in creating a traditional Chinese garden is that the man-made and natural scenes should blend together. Lao zi, the founder of Taoism, believ
25、ed that emptiness and calm were two aspects of the Dao of nature. For instance, although a mountain valley was empty, it was a place where waters could run together; although a room was empty, its potential stemmed precisely from its emptiness. An empty object was not understood to be void; it was b
26、rimming with endless creative possibilities, its potential uses were inexhaustible. Suzhou traditional gardens often feature an empty object in the middle; the empty object comes from Daoism and the placement at the center from the Confucian doctrine of the mean. Hu Dongchu, The Influence of Art and
27、 Philosophy on Chinese Garden Design, 9&15 The majority of Suzhou traditional gardens which were built according to this theory are empty at their core with scenic objects distributed around the sides. ( Fig. 4) Fig. 4 The central pond of Zhuo zhengyuan Garden reflects emptiness The new Suzhou Museu
28、m also has a pond in the center of the building, and plays a role of emptiness. Although the ponds shape of museum is regular which is quite different from the irregular shape of pond of Suzhou traditional gardens, the new Suzhou Museum still express the spirit of emptiness.( Fig.5 Fig.6) Fig. 5 The
29、 birds eye view of the new Suzhou Museum Fig.6 The pond in the center of the new Suzhou Museum Shapes When I.M.Pei decided to design the new Suzhou Museum, he came up with an idea not too high, not too large and not too abrupt. Zhang Xin, Suzhou Museum, 17 That means the new Suzhou Museum should wel
30、l blend into the surrounding environment. The new Suzhou Museum has a geometric appearance which is a characteristic of modern architecture. The gate at the new Suzhou Museum has a double layer of glass eaves, twin side extensions, and a metal structure. (Fig.7)The new Suzhou Museum gate needs a ope
31、n and inviting design which is quite different from the gate of Suzhou traditional gardens. The Suzhou traditional gardens feature the enclosed high wall and a forever closed red gate, because most owners of Suzhou traditional gardens are hermits, and they dont want to be influenced by society. The
32、fresh style gate will definitely attract visitor to enter into the great lobby situated between the front entrance court and the rear museum garden.The roof of the museum has a indication of Suzhou traditional gardenss tile roofs. Similar, but not quite the same. From the perspective of architectura
33、l structure, the museums roof with modern geometric figure include the basic concept of Suzhou traditional roof. Triangle and square are duplicated and reconstructed continuously( Fig.8). Why did not Pei use the same roof like Suzhou traditional gardens? I.M.Pei answered the question from a group of
34、 people from Suzhou planning bureau and the museum. Pei: Should we use tile roof ? And, uh-and we are using stone roof. Man: Pei, I like your design, but I think you make a big mistake. This is a tradition. Pei: Im sorry, the reason is because tile roof is so strong a personality. It actually makes
35、it impossible for you to make form out of it, because the roof is absolutely too dominant.(Fig.9) So to take the roof away is the remove of a tyranny which makes it possible to innovate. Charles Jencks (a architectural historian) said, I understand why pei was worried about doing tile roofs in suzho
36、u, because, first of all,it would constrain him. It would make the roof very big and heavy as it was in the past. And he wants to turn the wall into a roof and then back into a wall and then to a roof. He wants to play a game. Its very much a pei trademark. The difficulty was that china was changing
37、 very quickly and the officials were very conscious that suzhou was the last great city. So they wanted to hold on to every bit they could and mandated in the heart of suzhou traditional construction. I.M.Pei: Building China Modern, American Master, March 31, 2010, http:/ .Ibid Fig. 9 Zhuo zhengyuan
38、 Gardens tile roofFig. 7 Suzhou Museums gateFig. 8 gray granite roof The interior ornament of the museum also has the silhouette of Suzhou traditional gardens. (Fig.10 Fig.11)However, you cannot see beams or columns inside the museum unlike traditional gardens. Pei simplified the complicated shapes
39、of traditional gardens decoration, using triangles, square and other geometric figures to design the interior. The ingeniously adapted geometric glazed clearstory of the central roof creates a subtle pattern of glass skylights. The application of stone around the roof and the lower white walls below
40、 harmonizes the whole style of the building. (Fig.12 Fig.13) The museum also adopts a theory of modern architecture -Less is More. Less is More was brought up by a famous German modern architect Mies Van der Rohn. The theory is Miess aesthetic tactic which arranges a large amount of necessary buildi
41、ngs components to create an extremely simple impression. The Shapes and space of the new Suzhou Museum combines Chinese and Western elements, and transforms the composition of figures skillfully. To create a atmosphere of Chinese garden with new ways is the key to accomplish the transition from trad
42、ition to modern. Fig.11 The interior of Yuanyang PavilionFig. 10 The entance of Yuanyang Pavilion Fig.13 The lobby of the Suzhou Museum Fig.12The long gallery Colors Colors play a important role. Colors always come within your range of vision at first, and colors are much more easier to express the
43、feeling of space than form. Normally, when people enjoy the building, colors will evoke their visual response at first sight. The attention of colors occupies 80 percent, and 20 percent for form. Sun Ruifeng, The Foundation of Architecture, 235 A white wall with blue-black tiled roofing, with or wit
44、hout a low stone base, is the characteristic feature of the southern private garden. Frances Ya-sing Tsu, Landscape Design in Chinese Gardens. Ibid, 92 (Fig.14) The sharp contrast of black and white are widely used in Suzhou traditional gardens. Black and white are always playing significant roles i
45、n Chinese philosophy and aesthetics. Lao zi, the founder of Daoism, ever said, every color came from black and was superior to any other colors in the world. White is simple, pure, lighthearted and also the most bright color. Black and white represent existence and in-existence. The emergence and ch
46、ange of everything in the world are the unity of existence and in-existence which rely on each other. Peng Yigang, Analysis of The Traditional Chinese Garden, 11 Although the new Suzhou Museum applies new materials, most interior and exterior walls still use pure white as a keynote, and only use gra
47、y color to draw the outline of the walls. Moreover, charcoal gray granite roof will change colors, charcoal gray when dry, black when wet, harmonize the white walls, making the whole museum create a illusion of Suzhou traditional garden at first sight. (Fig.15) I.M.Pei reinterprets the symbol of Suz
48、hou traditional gardens.Fig.15 Exterior wall of the new Suzhou MuseumFig.14 Exterior wall of Zhuo Zhengyuan Garden New materials & technology With the development of science and technology, many great buildings can be achieved. It is not doubt that new materials and technologies are essential, however, the most important is to find materials which include traditional spirit with regard to architectural design. The purpose is to build a building with unique form