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1、面向21世纪药学学科生物化学实验教学改革初探张景海 李 凡 宋永波 李新兴（沈阳药科大学生物化学与分子生物学教研室 实验管理科 110016）摘要：基于药学学科各专业的特点及21世纪药学刨新人才培养要求，结合其培训体系环节之一生物比学内涵，就生物化学实验教学及课程施以整体性、系统性的设计和实施，使学生通过实验教学环节进一步全面了解和掌握生物化学理论、技能及其在药学各专业中的应用，以适应创新人才培养的改革与发展。药学学科各专业本科学生的培养体系主要由化学、生物学、药学等相关课程组成：生物化学是除了生物制药、生物技术专业外药学各专业的专业基础课。就生物化学本身的内涵，特别是生物技术突飞猛进的发展及
2、在生命科学的广泛应用，极大地促进了生命科学及相关学科的发展，尤其在药学推动了创新药物的飞跃。因此，生物化学实验课程及教学的整体性、系统性的设计和实施，使学生通过实验教学环节，在有限的时间内进一步了解和掌握生物化学理论、技能本身及其在药学各专业中的应用，以适应药学创新人才培养的发展就显得十分重要。上述构想在我校国家药学理科基地的教学中实施，信息反馈结果表明教学效果远远超出预期设想，学生反应强烈，因此生物化学实验教及课程整体性、系统性的设计和实施是非常成功的，有必要总结并介绍给同仁共勉。I实验课程整体性、系统性的设计 药学学科各专业，开设生物化学实验课的目的，一是进一步加强学生全面了解和掌握生物化
3、学理论；二是了解和掌握生物化学技能；三是培训学生分析问题、解决问题的能力及生物化学理论和技术在药学研究中的应用。生物化学理论的核心就是围绕着生物分子的结构、功能、结构与功能的关系、代谢及调控等及其规律，它的整体性、系统性极强，其技术就是围绕着这一核心问题如何验证、发现和创新的具体实施。因此，生物化学实验课设计的思路是在有限的时间内，使学生从生物化学本身的整体性、系统性角度，通过实验教学环节，进一步全面了解和掌握生物化学理论、技能及其在药学各专业中的应用。 生物化学典则的核心问题是蛋门质(更主要的是酶)和核酸，后者的有关培训山分子生物学课程来完成。有关酶的概念、组成、结构、理化特性(分子量、等电
4、点等)、功能(生物学活性或参与代谢)、结构与功能(生物比活性或突变体)、制备、检测等，能够基本反应生物化学本身的内涵。早期的生物化学实验课多以四学时为单元的相对较独立的内容组成，培训体系缺乏整体性和系统性，很难使学生自觉地将所学知识应用到药学的具体研究工作中去，更谈不上主动的借助其它学科的优势来促进本身的创新工作。基于生物化学实验课所存在的诸多不足，我们以蛋白质作为实验课程的典型代表，围绕一个具体酶的相关制备、检测、理化特性、生物学特性等内容，作为生物化学实验教学及课程整体性和系统性没计的具体实例来实施。2实验课程整体性、系统性的实施 早期的生物化学实验课多以四学时为单元的相对较独立的内容组成
5、，培训体系缺乏整体性、系统性、连续性，而在原实验教学时数基本不增加的前提下，调改后的实验课分两部分：第一部分先有四至六学时的相对较独立的实验，约占总学时三分之一左右，涉及“蛋白质聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳”，“蛋白质柱层析”、“酶活力测定”等，选择的理由是学生的前期课程及实验井未涉足，而且它们能够基本代表生物化学理论、技能的内涵，因此，通过此部分让学生得到入门培训；再有个整体性、系统性、连续性的开放实验，因实验的特殊性，学生连续近一周进行实验。第二部分实验内容的选择是围绕生物化学核心问题，即由酵母为初始材料，经裂解细胞、提取、离心、分离、纯化等制备高纯度羧肽酶Y，上述每一步骤均检测酶活性和蛋白质定量以
6、跟踪进程，测定纯化的酵母：羧肽酶Y生物学性质(比活、Kin、vnlax、蛋白质收率、酶活性收率、激活剂、抑制剂、抑制类型、抑制常数、热稳定性等)和理化性质(纯度、分子量、等电点等)。通过上述药学学科各专业本科生生物化学实验教学及课程的设计，经实施后学生反映教学效果好，收获大。3学生综合素质的培养 生物化学实验课程及教学的整体性、系统性的设计和实施，使学生通过实验教学环节，在有限的时间内进一步全面了解和掌握生物化学理论：技能及其在药学各专业中的应用，通过其过程初步培养学生独立分析问题和解决问题的能力，从整体理念了解，掌握和熟悉研究生物大分子的思路和实验技能，从而能够自主地将所学知识有机地渗入到将
7、要开展的药学科研工作和教学工作中，从总体水平进行实验设计，加强并提高综合分析和解决问题的能力，以适应社会(市场)对药学创新人才的需求。 此外，生物化学实验课程及教学的整体性、系统性的具体实施过程中，要求学生在实验讲义给定的大范围下，通过必要数量的文献资料(国内外)，收集、分析，归纳、总结，设计开放实验的可行报告，可行报告的实验拟采取的具体方法比给定实验讲义必须有改良、提高，包括新技术、新方法在才；实验的应用，但在得到相同的效果(结果)前提下，应积极采用简便、无需高档仪器设备、低成本的方法。实验过程中两人一组，在有些步骤需要两组棋至四组同进行操作，这并不是顾及费用，而是培养学生在今后的实际工作中
8、的协作精神和勤俭而高效的科研作风。 上述面向21世纪药学学科生物化学实验教学改革的点滴经验总结，以供同仁共勉。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was
9、like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a
10、kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now,
11、if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a lea
12、p into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing th
13、at if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is
14、going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40
15、-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Jo
16、e Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2
17、mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even
18、higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers
19、). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast
20、, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the w
21、ater, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to
22、 deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Ev
23、en if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.