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1、Objectives for a Transit Oriented Ecocity DevelopmentRainer MayerhoferInstitut fr kologische Stadtentwicklung, mayerhoferarge-projekte.atPhone number: +43-1-5033647Franz SkalaInstitut fr kologische Stadtentwicklung, officeoekostadt.atPhone number: +43-1-3749797Keywords: sustainable urban development
2、; land-use and transport; mixed use, pedestrians, public transportIntroductionUrban growth of the last decades usually happened in contradictory ways to the theoretically agreed concept of sustainable settlement development. The suburbanisation produced spatially diffused and functionally segregated
3、 settlement structures - sprawl - in belts around cities and towns, while the population of the compact historic parts decreased. This still continuing trend tends to cause growth in traffic volumes as well as increased pressures on the environment.In contrast to this trend, the objectives of the Eu
4、ropean Union for the development of sustainable settlements and for the improvement of urban environments (e.g. in the Communication from the Commission Sustainable Urban Development in the European Union: A Framework for Action) specifically imply to support a polycentric, balanced urban system and
5、 to promote resource-efficient settlement patterns, that minimise land-take and urban sprawl.The aim of the EU-funded project ECOCITY (Urban Development towards Appropriate Structures for Sustainable Transport) was to contribute to the implementation of these objectives by designing model settlement
6、s for specific sites in 7 communities: Bad Ischl (Austria), Gyr (Hungary), Tampere (Finland), Trnava (Slovakia), Tbingen (Germany), Umbertide (Italy), Barcelona (Spain). This contribution bases on results of the project ECOCITY, especially the vision of an ECOCITY and the objectives for the relevant
7、 sectors of settlement development, presented in the ECOCITY Handbook.Objectives for SustainabilityConsidering the long lifespan of buildings, settlement patterns for the future (Ecocities) need to be sustainable in the original sense, to ensure a basis of living for future generations. Thus urban d
8、evelopment has to meet the main requirements for sustainability, that the rate of resource use is not greater than the rate of their regeneration and that the rate of emission is not greater than the rate at which the pollutants can be absorbed. This can be expressed in the objectives of minimising
9、use of land, energy and materials minimising the impairment of the natural environment.Settlement patterns for the future need also to be liveable, to be attractive for the present generation. The equivalent objective is: maximising human well-being (quality of life)To meet the standards for the env
10、ironmental quality of urban settlement patterns is a necessary condition for an ECOCITY, to meet the standards for quality of life is an additional condition for ECOCITIES as a better place to live.Appropriateness for sustainable transport is an essential requirement for the sustainability of urban
11、patterns. the main objective for this sector is: minimising transport demandTransport is the sector interrelated strongest to the urban patterns and thus the above objectives are also closely linked:A main requirement for minimising transport demand is higher density (city of short distances), which
12、 contributes to minimise land demands.Minimised transport demand results in minimising material and energy consumption (for motorised means of transportation) as well as in minimising the impairment of the natural environment and also the impairment of health and safety of the inhabitants (caused by
13、 transport, predominantly car-traffic), thus maximising human well-being.These interrelations show, that an ECOCITY offers many benefits, ranging from personal convenience to global sustainability. All the actors involved individuals, groups and institutions can gain: an ECOCITY offers more space fo
14、r people in an attractive, safe and quiet environment and also has lower life cycle costs and is less costly in relation to repairing negative impacts on human health and the environment.The vision of an ECOCITYA vision of the final aim is necessary to be able to direct urban development towards an
15、ECOCITY, promoting awareness of the idea. The ECOCITY vision is illustrated by comprising features of a sustainable municipality from all the relevant sectors of urban development in a graphic. In addition to aspects related to the design of the urban structure and the transport system, there are al
16、so features relating to energy and materials, a communitys way of life and the urban economy. According to the focus of the ECOCITY project on the context of settlement patterns and transport system the feature City of short distances, which is strongly related to both, occupies a central position.
17、The following graph summarises the elements of the “vision”.Fig. 1: Vision of an ECOCITYThe most important characteristics can be summarised in following description:An ECOCITY is composed of compact, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use quarters or neighbourhoods, which are integrated into a polycentric
18、urban system in public-transport-oriented locations. In combination with attractively designed public spaces, integrating green areas and objects of cultural heritage to create varied surroundings, an ECOCITY should be an attractive place to live and work. Such sustainable and liveable structures co
19、ntribute to the health, safety and well-being of the inhabitants and their identification with the ECOCITY.ECOCITY ObjectivesBased on the objectives for sustainable and liveable settlement patterns (see Objectives for Sustainability) and the generally agreed principles for sustainable urban developm
20、ent (decentralised concentration, balanced mix of different land uses, compact, dense structure) a list of more detailed objectives for an ECOCITY was compiled. The four sectors of urban development (urban structure, transport, energy and material flows, and socio-economy) and their important aspect
21、s were used to structure the presentation of the objectives. The objectives are complemented by the subsequent specifications, which are relevant for their achievement.In the context of Transit Oriented Ecocity Development priority is given to the requirements on urban patterns to be appropriate for
22、 the sustainable transport modes.Most important for making an urban structure appropriate for pedestrians (and for cycling) are short distances (requiring a compact city with qualified urban density, a balanced mixed land use and a limited size of the total area) and attractive pathways through a di
23、versified surrounding in public spaces of high aesthetic quality.Most important for public transport is the appropriate selection of sites for new construction, respectively for a new settlement to achieve a linear polycentric development and a decentralised concentration in walking distance around
24、stops (stations) of public transport lines providing for a high passenger potential.Objectives and Specifications for the Sectors of Urban DevelopmentTable 1: Objectives and Specifications for the Sector Regional and Urban StructureREGIONAL AND URBAN STRUCTUREGENERAL, LOCATION Develop a poly-centric
25、 and compact structure of a municipality to prevent sprawlConcentrate urban development at suitable sites with a high potential for public transport, integrating new parts of a town into a linear polycentric structure (Transit oriented Development) to make public transport economically viableOrganis
26、e the municipality as a network of mixed use urban quarters with individual characters and identities and provide good accessibility of superior infrastructure facilities and working places in the city or town centreRespect the cultural heritage of the region regarding the historical urban grain (e.
27、g. phases of growth, street network hierarchy and design, texture of building lots, land-use patterns)Strive for a land and facility management on regional and municipal scaleLAND-DEMAND/DENSITY Give priority to the re-use of land (brownfields) and built structures to reduce land and new building de
28、mand, provided that the location is favourableStrive for a compact city using all possibilities of internal developmentIncrease the density of existing low density sites (e.g. in using gaps between blocks or buildings)Minimise stock of vacant dwellings, buildings and plots by municipal management (e
29、.g. register of available plots within the city, activities for inner city developments) Develop, as alternative to sprawl, structures of qualified high density in ecological, economic and social context to minimise demands of greenfields as well as travel distancesQualified urban density can be ach
30、ieved by balancinghigh building density as a requirement for Reducing demand for land Achieving short distances Promoting the viability of attractive infrastructure facilities, public transport services and district heating systems Promoting a high social and spatial-visual densitywith the requireme
31、nts of Sufficient distances between buildings for day-lighting and utilisation of solar energy Sufficient open and green spaces for social contact and recreation near the apartments to make the structure liveablelimiting the possible densityPlan for compact and multi-storey typologies for residentia
32、l housing and commercial uses LAND USES - MIXED USE Organise a balance of residential, employment and educational uses as well as distribution, supply and recreational facilities in neighbourhoods and quarters, in city and regionProvide space for and manage the availability of all necessary faciliti
33、es:For basic daily needs (grocery, gastronomy, social infrastructure, kindergarten, primary schools, general practitioner) balanced on the local level of neighbourhoodsFor medium- and long-term needs (e.g. specialised retail and gastronomy, higher schools, hospital .) balanced on the municipal or re
34、gional levelInclude on new sites facilities servicing the entire municipality as attractorsMaintain and strengthen existing mix of uses and add diverse uses into existing mono-functional areas Enable fine-meshed mixed use structures at building and block levelOffer basic facilities within walking di
35、stance to living and working environmentsLocate the facilities in a central area to create short distances from all parts of a neighbourhood and to allow combination of tripsStrive for variability and flexibility of urban and building structures to facilitate changes of usePUBLIC SPACE Provide attra
36、ctive and liveable public space for everyday life Allocate sufficient public spaces close to living and working environments Korrigieren ! as a network of various types of squares, streets and green spaces in a balance with semi-public and private spaces. Plan this network as an interconnected syste
37、m with changing attractions along spatial sequences and avoiding visual barriersStrive for a multi-functionality of areas for moving and staying and a strong identity of public spaces considering the genius lociCreate opportunities for communication by providing places to meet people for the strengt
38、hening of the neighbourhood identity Orientate buildings to the public space (entrances, attractive facades, especially of the ground floor)Design open space elements and buildings in a high aesthetic quality (water design, surfaces in streets and squares, urban furniture, facades, etc.), enabling a
39、lso other sensual experiences. Integrate different fabric types and building typologies for vivid neighbourhoodsConsider the exposure of public spaces to bioclimatic conditions (wind, sun, rain, snow, etc.) permitting the use of public spaces all along the day and all along the yearDesign the urban
40、structure and details of public space for easy orientation: Clearly arranged pathway network hierarchy of ways towards the centre Impressive land marks (signs) elements of local identity (buildings, monuments) especially at crossings Guiding system: signposts on squares, street signs (names of stree
41、ts) at each crossing, well visible house numbers, public mapsDedicate public spaces as far as possible to pedestrians and minimise disturbance by car traffic, especially regarding safety and noise conditionsLANDSCAPE / GREEN Protect the surrounding landscape and/or use it in a sustainable wayPreserv
42、e bio-diversity and habitats in the surrounding landscape e.g. by minimising the impact of harmful substances on vegetation, wildlife and water systems. Use the surrounding agricultural areas for the production of regional food and energy for the settlement in a biological wayPreserve or re-establis
43、h green corridors between settlements as connections between parts of open landscape.Determine strict borders for future extensions of settlements and establish sound measures (e.g. legal) to enforce their observanceStrive for a recultivation of landscape in areas with a declining population or indu
44、stry (“shrinking cities”) Integrate natural elements and cycles into the urban patternPreserve existing green (forests, hedges, grassland) and water elements as habitats for various animals and plantsCreate additional green and water elements within the city: trees, hedges, lawn, green facades and r
45、oofs, fountains, watercourses and -surfaces (e.g. parts of rainwater management systems), etc.Connect these green zones within the city by maintaining or creating green corridors Minimise sealed surfaces and use permeable pavements for pathways Connect integrated elements with the surrounding landsc
46、apeConnect green zones within the city with the surrounding landscape as habitat networks and provide access by pathways to recreation areas thereConsider the boundaries of the city as a zone for an exchange between city and landscape (water cycle, vegetation, wildlife, recreation) and create condit
47、ions for the penetration of the surrounding landscape into the cityURBAN COMFORT Strive for a high outdoor bioclimatic comfort daily, seasonally and annually as well as low disturbance by pollutionUse green and water elements as well as connected open space patterns for an improvement of the microcl
48、imate, contributing to natural ventilation, by maintaining or creating cold air source areas and fresh air corridors as well as increasing the filtering and absorption capacity of urban land by the vegetationDevelop also the geometry of quarters and neighbourhoods according to requirements of urban
49、ventilation (choose climatic favourable forms of building layouts and materials for green spaces, blocks and buildings)Reduce the impact of mobile telecommunication, electricity, traffic installations (electrified railway systems) and other technical devices on mens health and well-being (keeping sufficient dis