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1、。不定式和动名词的区别和联系1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但用法不尽相同。一、作主语一般情况下 , 不定式与动名词作主语可以互换, 也常常可以用it充当形式主语, 而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有区别, 不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为; 而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。例如 :To save money now is not easy.现在攒钱不容易。Saving money is a good habit
2、.攒钱是个好习惯。 真题回放 1. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one s skin.A. ExposedB. Having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposed二、作宾语有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语, 不能跟动名词作宾语; 有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语, 不能跟不定式作宾语 ; 有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可, 但意思不同，另外还要熟记下面几点:1) 下列短语中的 to 是介词 , 其后跟动名词 , 不跟不定式。be(get) used to习惯于 ;look for
3、ward to盼望 ;pay attention to注意 ;get down to开始认真做 ;lead to通向、导致 ;preferdoing .to doing .宁愿做而不愿做;stickto 坚持 ;devoteone s life(time,oneself) to献身于、致力于;object to反对 ;in addition to .除之外 ;on the way to .在去的路上、正要成为; 等等。精选资料，欢迎下载。2) 不定式除可用在except, but, besides等后作宾语之外, 一般不用作介词宾语。此时, 不定式能否省略to,取决于其前是否有行为动词do 或
4、其相应形式。有则省略, 无则不能省略。例如:She did nothing but wash some clothes that day.那天她除了洗一些衣服之外什么也没做。We had no choice except to walk home.除了走着回家我们别无选择。3)动名词除了其一般式doing, 还有完成式having done以及一般式的被动形式being done和完成式的被动形式 having been done;动名词前可以加上逻辑主语, 构成动名词的复合结构:sb. s doing 。例如 :I m sorry for not having kept my promise
5、.非常抱歉 , 我没能遵守诺言。(not having kept my promise发生在 am sorry之前 )Do you mind Mary being left alone at home?你介意玛丽被单独一个人留在家里吗?4)不定式的完成式to have done表示在谓语动词之前已经发生的动作, 而不定式的一般式to do 表示动作将要发生。不定式还有其被动形式:to be done(表示将来的被动动作) 和 to have been done(表示过去的被动动作 )。三、作表语不定式与动名词作表语时的区别与作主语时相同。例如:My job is teaching Englis
6、h.我的工作是教英语。( 泛指 , 多次性抽象行为)Your task is to go and help the farmers.你的工作是去帮助那些农民。( 特指 , 一次性具体行为)四、作定语不定式多为后置定语, 动名词多为前置定语; 不定式多表示将来的动作, 动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如 :He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一间房子去住。Take these sleeping pills and you ll sleep better.吃了这种安眠药, 你会睡得更好。精选资料，欢迎下载。注意 : 不定式作定语时通常与其前的名词(
7、代词 ) 构成动宾关系。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词, 其后通常要加上相应的介词。例如:Please give me a knife with which to cut.2) 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate, like, love前有 would(should)时，如： Id like to have a cup of coffee.当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on thedifficult maths problem. begin,continue,start与 kno
8、w, understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began tounderstandwhatwas happening. advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake.Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake.3） 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget, remember, regret后接不
9、定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：Dont forget to post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?Remember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.They regretted ord
10、ering these books from abroad.动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：1 forget doing/to doforget to do忘记要去做某事。( 未做 )forget doing忘记做过某事。( 已做 )The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。( 没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to
11、come动作未做 )精选资料，欢迎下载。典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh ， I forgot_.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned it off答案： C。由 the light is still on可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而 forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意2 stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中断原来做的事，
12、开始做另外一件事stop doing停止正在做的事They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to rest D. rest答案： C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事 。而不仅仅是爬山
13、动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。3 remember doing/to doremember to do记得去做某事(未做 )remember doing记得做过某事(已做 )Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4 regret doing/to doregret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做 )regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做 )I regret to have t
14、o do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题精选资料，欢迎下载。-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well, now I regret _ that.A. to doB. to be doingC. to have doneD.having done答案： D。 regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regr
15、et to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。5 cease doing/to docease to do长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。6 try doing/to dotry to do努力，企图做某事。try doing试验，试着做
16、某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。7 go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his math， he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这
17、个练习后，接着做其他的练习8 be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为 怕 ；be afraid of doing担心出现doing 的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为 生怕，恐怕 。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.精选资料，欢迎下载。她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫
18、。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。.9 be interested doing/to dointerested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?( 一种想
19、法 )10 mean to doing/to domean to do打算、想要做某事mean doing意味着要有一个结果I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。11 begin(start) doing/to dobegin / start to do sthbegin / start doing sth.1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.How old we
20、re you when you first started playing the piano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start后接 know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式todo。I begin to understand the truth。精选资料，欢迎下载。我开始明白真相。4) 物作主语时，常使用不定式to do 。It began to melt.1. Th
21、e teacher told them _ make so much noise.A. dont B. notC. will notD. not to2. Our master often told us _ things for granted.A. not to haveB. not to takeC. didnttake D. not to make3. Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shutD. not shut4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in
22、the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never driveC. never drivingD. never drive6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to ea
23、t D. not eating7. The workers want us _ together with them.A. workB. workingC. to workD. worked8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.A. to risk goingB. risking to goC. for risk to goD. risk going9. I saw him _ out of the room.A. goB. had goneC. has goneD. goes10. They knew her very wel
24、l. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow11. I ve heard him _ about you often.A. spokeB. speaksC. speak12.Though he had oftenmade hislittlesister_, today he was made _by hislittlesister.A. cry； to cry B. crying；cryingC. cry； cryD. to cry； cry13. This company
25、 was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.精选资料，欢迎下载。A. producingB. to produceC. having producedD. produced14. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult. A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make15. The news reporters
26、 hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A .to tellB .to be toldC .tellingD .told16. There re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can A. what B. which C. how D. wheretmake up my mind _ to buy.17. There isntany difference between the two. I really donA. where to chooseB. whic
27、h to chooseC. to choose whatD. to choose whichtknow _.18.“Have you decided when _?” “Yes, tomorrow morning.”A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. will you leave D. are you leaving19. Last summer I took a course on _.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be ma
28、de20. He doesn tknow _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will21. She pretended _ me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen22. - The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot _.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned
29、 it off23. We agreed _ here but so far she hasntturned up yet.A. having metB. meetingC. to meetD. to have met24You were silly not _your car.A. to lockB. to have lockedC. lockingD. having locked25. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .don tmakeB. not makeC. not makingD .not to make1. Helen had to s
30、hout _ above the sound of the music.A. making herself hearB. to make herself hear精选资料，欢迎下载。C. making herself heardD. to make herself heard2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to formB. formC. formingD. having f
31、ormed3.The man insisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A. findB. to findC. on findingD. in finding4.The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to workB. workingC. to have workedD. having worked5.You were silly not _ your car.A. to lockB. to
32、 have lockedC. lockingD. having locked6.Don tleave the water _ while you brush your teeth.A. runB. runningC. being runD. to run7.When flint (电石 ) _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A. introducing B. introducedC. introduceD. being introduced8. “We cant go out in this weather,” said
33、 Bob, _ out of the window.A. lookingB. to lookC. lookedD. having looked9.My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B.me takingC. for me to take D. me to take10._ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. T
34、o waitB. Have waited C. Having waitedD. To have waited11.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M.A. knowingB. knownC. being knownD. to be known12.Sarah, hurry up. I m afraid you can t have time to _ before the party.A. get changed* B. get change C. get changing D. ge
35、t to change13. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm.A. AttractingB. AttractedC. To be attractedD. Having attracted14. I don t know whether you happen _ that I m going to study in the U. S. A. this September.A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. t
36、o hear D. to have heard15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only_ the film stars had left.A. to tellB. to be toldC. tellingD. told精选资料，欢迎下载。16.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam.A. passB. to pass C. passedD. passing17._ with the size of the whole earth
37、, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all.A. Compare B. When comparingC. Comparing D. When compared18._ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed19.If you are planning to spend your money having fun
38、this week, better _ ityou ve got somebig bills coming.A. forgetB. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget20. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV. A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch21. The fluisbelieved_ by viruses（病毒 ） thatliketoreproducein the cellsi
39、nsidethe humannose and throat.A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused22. The flowers_ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt23. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party th
40、at night.A. recorded * B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded24. Having been attacked by terrorists, _ .A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists25. Robert is said _ abroad, but I don t know what coun
41、try he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying26. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out27. I ve worked withchildbefore,so I know what _ in my new job.A. exp
42、ectedB. to expect*C. to be expecting D. expect28. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered29. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.精选资料，欢迎下载。A. to see B. to be seen C. see