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1、非谓语动词,分词,不定式,动名词,非谓语动词,Explanation,1.概念: 在英语中,不能单独做句子的谓语,而是担任其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词.,to do doing doing done,2.非谓语动词在句子中的作用,1. 不定式和动名词做主语,To see him is not easy this time. Climbing mountains is very interesting.,1. 作主语,to do,doing,不定式做主语一般表示具体的, 将来的,有意识的动作.,动名词做主语表示抽象的,无意 识的,习惯性的倾向.,1).日常英语中,特别是当主语较长而谓语较短
2、时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放在后边.,e.g. :It is human to want something better. 精益求精是人的特性.,2).在Its no use(或good,need)或 Its useless(或worthwhile)等结构 中,常用it做形式主语,动名词放后边做真正的主语.,It is a pleasure to help others,It is no use crying over split milk.,It is no use sending him over.,在主,系表结构中,主语和表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致,To see is to
3、believe/ seeing is believing.,3).简短的揭示语中常用动名词 No smoking.,2. 不定式和动名词 做宾语,1).有些动词只能用动词不定式做宾语. 如:hope, want, wish, decide, agree, promise, manage, learn ask , expect ,mean, pretend, refuse等.,动词的宾语也可以是疑问词加动词不定式 (除了why 之外) I dont know what to do. Have you decided where to go?,2).有些动词只能用动名词做宾语. 如:mind, e
4、njoy ,give up avoid, admit, finish, escape , practise, suggest, insist on ,cant help, object to, consider等,He wants to avoid,making the same mistake,being punished,_犯同样 的错误,_ 受惩罚,3).有些动词既能用动词不定式又能用动名词做宾语. 如:begin, like, forget , mean , remember , try 等,但意义有所不同.,Losing heart means losing everything I
5、 did not mean to hurt you .,4) need, want, require 后跟动名词的主动 形式表示被动意义,cleaning,requires The room wants needs,to be cleaned,介词的宾语一般多用动名词而动词不定式只是在个别介词后面以“连接词+不定式”的形式出现,He is fond of swimming. He has his own idea of how to do it.,3.动词不定式,动名词,分词都可做表语.,3)作表语,to do doing done,All that I want is to learn fr
6、om practice.,His favorite sport is playing basketball.,He is disappointed.,他很失望,动词不定式和动名词做表语的区别 与做主语时一样,现在分词做表语,具有主动的含义, 而过去分词做表语具有被动的含义.,e.g.: The work was tiring. The workers were soon tired.,The situation is encouraging . 形势令人鼓舞. The book is well written. 这本书写得很好.,(3)做表语的不定式有时可以省略符号“to” 这时在主语部分必须
7、含有动词do,而做表 语的不定式是解释do的精确意思;且这个 to也可以不省略.,All I did was(to) give him a little push.我只是稍稍推了他一下. What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.,4.动词不定式,动名词和分词都可做定语,4)作定语,to do doing done,不定式作定语一般表将来,I have three letters to write.,动词不定式做定语时,被修饰的名词多为它的逻辑宾语;如果动词不定式是不及物动词时,要带介词,构成及物动词短语.,There is a warm
8、 room to live in.,doing,动名词作前置定语表示用途,现在分词作定语与所修饰的词逻辑上有主谓关系，相当于一个定语从句。 表示主动，进行. 或当时的状态等;,a swimming pool,a flying bird,=,a pool for swimming,a bird that is flying,=,I know the man standing there. Is there anything planned for tonight?,done,被动+完成,完成,The destroyed house will be rebuilt next year.,The h
9、ouse which has been destroyed,fallen leaves,the leaves which have fallen,过去分词则常表示“被动动作发生在谓语动词的动作前”等,The library,_next year,_last year,_ at present,_the biggest one in ourcity,to be built,built,being built,will be,is,5.动词不定式和分词都可做状语,5)作状语,to do doing done,*动词不定式可以作目的，原因和结果状语,I came here to see you.,i
10、n order to/so as to,目的状语,Nice to meet you原因状语,They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.结果状语,动词不定式在某些形容词后(如 good,sorry,pleased等)作原因状语 (也有人认为是宾语) I am glad to meet you.,分词做时间,原因或条件状语时,通 常位于句子的前部;做方式,伴随或结 果状语时,通常位于句子的后部. Walking in the street,I saw her . (时间状语) The parents died,leaving him
11、an orphan.(结果状语),3). 分词作状语表示时间，原因，让步，结果， 方式和伴随情况。其逻辑主语须与句子主语 一致。主动用doing，被动用done,Being a student,I must study hard. 原因,The teacher stood there surrounded by the students. 方式,He went out,leaving his homework undone.,He,leaving,Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.,the trees,Given,条件
12、,*Time permitting，I will finish another lesson,Time,当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时， 分词必须有自己的主语,*While reading the book ，he nodded from time to time.,表示时间的分词短语可以when或while引导,6.动词不定式和分词都可做补足语,6)作补语,to do doing done,He asked me to do the work with him.,I saw him going upstairs.,I saw a boat tied to a big tree.,在ask, tell, expect, force, invite, beg后面作 宾语时，常单独使用to，避免重复,He didnt come, though we had invited him to.,bye bye,