英语句子结构讲解.docx

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1、精品文档英语句子结构句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的, 表达一个完整的意义。 一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。一句子成分分析1 主语( subject)句子的主体,全句述说的对象。一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,从句担任 , 常置于句首。Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.(名词)I like football.(主格代词)Two plus five is seven.(数词)To swim in the Lijiang

2、River is a great pleasure.(不定式)Smoking dose harm to the health.(动名词)When we are going to have an English has not been decided.(主语从句)2. 谓语( predicate )对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语(1). 简单谓语由一个动词或者动词短语构成The train leaves at 6 oclock. (动词)She takes good care of her mother.(动词短语)(

3、2). 复合谓语由情态动词 或其他助动词加动词原形构成You may keep the book for two weeks.(情态动词 +动词原形)She doesntseem to like dancing.(助动词 do+动词原形)He has caught a bad cold.(助动词 has+动词原形)补充:协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb )。最常用的助动词有: be, do,have, shall,will, should, would.助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:He doesn

4、t like English.他不喜欢英语。( doesnt 是助动词,无词义; like 是主要动词,有词义 ) 由系动词 加表语构成(即主系表结构)We are students.(状态系动词be+表语)He looked a bit excited.(表象系动词look+ 表语)补充:系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词。有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。1状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be 一词,例如:。1欢迎下载精品文档He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is 与补足

5、语一起说明主语的身份。)2持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, stay, lie,remain, stand.例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3表像系动词用来表示 看起来像 这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look,例如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。4感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,

6、例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn,fall, get, go, come, run例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out,表达 证实 , 变成 之意,例如:The search

7、 proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)3.宾语( object )表示动作的对象或承受者, 常由名词 , 代词 , 不定式(短语),动名词(短语),从句担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:They are teachers.(名词)He is going to buy a book.(名词)I play with him. (代词 )He pretended not to see me.(不定式)She didn tknow what to do next.(不定式短语)

8、He practises speaking English every day.(动名词)I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?(宾语从句)补充:宾语的种类:( 1)直接宾语。2欢迎下载精品文档表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物。Lend me your dictionary, please. (me是间宾, dictionary是直宾 )( 2)间接宾语表示动作所向或所为的人或物,通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前,也可位于之后,但此时在它前面必须加介词 to

9、The company sent us a few computers last year.He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.(3) 复合宾语有些动词出了接宾语外, 还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态, 以补充其意义的不足,这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语,他们在逻辑上有主谓关系。如果直接宾语是不定式,动名词或从句,常用it作形式宾语)They elected him their monitor.(代词 +名词)I found the baby always happy.(名词 +形容词)I find it easy

10、to answer this question.(it作形式宾语)4.宾补( objective complement)有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语外还要有一个宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的情况。这些及物动词常见的有make, let, have, get, find, call, see, consider, cause等。Electricity can make a machine run.I consider the book too expensive.5.表语( predicative)用来说明主语的性质,特征或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。置于系动词之后。He is a stude

11、nt.(名词)This table is long.(形容词)6 定语( attributive)对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用 的 表示 , 通常位于被修饰的成分前(注意:它和表语的区别在于定语后面可以直接接名词,表语必须接在系动词之后)This is a red sun.He is a tall boy.说明 1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语。I tell him something interesting .说明 2:不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被

12、修饰的名词之后。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.7 状语( adverbial)用以修饰 adj. /adv. /v. 及整个句子 , 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,位置灵活。修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。 修饰动词时可以放在动词之前, 也可以放在动词之后。通常由副词担任。The bag is too heavy.(修饰形容词 heavy,置于之前)He went out just now.(修饰副词 now,置于之前)。3欢迎下载精品文档I often write to him.(修饰动词 write ,置于之前)The students stu

13、dy hard.(修饰动词 study,置于之后)小结: 通常情况下 , 主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:(定语)主语 (状语)谓语 (定语)宾语 (状语)如: (The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.(The happy) child went (his) home( yesterday ).二句子类型句子主要有三种类型:简单句,并列句,复合句。(一)简单句英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。我们常说的五大句型就是指的简单句的

14、五种类型。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:1. Things changed.主 +谓2. Trees are green.主 + 系 + 表3. We don tbeat children.主+谓 +宾4. He gave his sister the piano.主+谓 + 间接宾语 +直接宾语5. I found the book easy.主+谓 +宾 +宾补(二) . 并列句由并列连词连接、含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子叫并列句。一、表示转折对比关系的并列连词1. but 但是,可是,而,却连接两个简单句,有时句中某些词可以省略;连接两个并列成分

15、,可以放在一个句子的句首,后面不接逗号。例: I hope you dont mind me asking, but where did you buy those shoes?2. yet 但是;尽管如此可连接两个句子,用逗号分开,也可在yet前加 and ,还可以放在一个句子的句首。例: The car is old, yet it is in good condition.这辆车旧了,但车况很好。3. while而,但是,可是,却while作连词用时,可表示对比或转折关系。例: I do every singlebitof housework whilemy husband Bob ju

16、stdoes the dishesnow and then.二、表示因果关系的并列连词1. for因为由并列连词for引导的分句常置于句子后部,而且常用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来回答why 问句。例: I did my best not to show pleasure, but what I was feeling was pure happiness, for my。4欢迎下载精品文档words had the power to make people laugh.2. so因此可以连接两个句子,中间有时用逗号隔开;也可在so

17、 前加 and ;还可以放在一个句子的句首。例: The shop doesnt open until 11 a.m.,so it loses a lot of business.三、表示选择关系的连词oror 连接并列成分时,意为“或者,还是 ”;用于否定句中,意为“也不 ”,这时不宜用and ;还有 “否则,要不然 ”之意,相当于otherwise.例: Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to businessright away?四、表示并列关系的并列连词1. and 和,同,与,又,并且例: Stand over t

18、here and youll be able to see it better.2. not only but also 不仅 而且例: Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examinationafter another.3. neither nor 既不 也不例: They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains.他们工作一不为名,二不为利。4. both and 既 又例: A man should have both courage and wisdom

19、.人既要有勇气又要有智慧。五、其他并列连词1. not but 不是 而是It was not the bones of an animal but of a human being.这不是一只动物的骨头,而是人的骨头。2. rather than而不是;与其 宁愿Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.3. when正当那时,相当于and at that timeJasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park when sh

20、e was bitten on the leg by a lion.(三)复合句复合句是由一个主句加上一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主语从句名词性从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句状语从句定语从句Who will goisnot important.主语从句(引导词who)系表Guilin is not what it used to be.主系表语从句(引导词what)The teacher told children that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.主谓间宾宾语从句(引导词that )。5欢迎下载精品文档The prob

21、lem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.主同位语从句 ( 引导词 whether)系表If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.条件状语从句 (if引导 ) 主谓宾The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.主定语从句( who 引导)谓宾补充:状语从句分为九类:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度 1) 时间状语从句常用的关联词有: as, after, be

22、fore, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, whenever 等Wait (until you are called) .(When spring came ), leaves turn green.2) 地点状语从句常用的关联词有: where, wherever, anywherePut it( where you found it) .Sit down ( wherever you like).3) 原因状语从句常用的关联词有: because, as, since(As I didntknow the way) , I aske

23、d a policeman4) 结果状语从句常用的关联词有: so, so that, such that, thatI was in the bath(so that I didnthear the telephone).5) 目的状语从句常用的关联词有: so, so that, in order thatI llshow you( so you will see how itsdone).6) 条件状语从句常用的关联词有: if, unless, in case that,on condition that(If it snows tomorrow), we will build a snowman.7) 让步状语从句常用的关联词有: though, although, if ,even if, even though (Though I m fond of music),I can tplay any instrument.8) 方式状语从句常用的关联词有: as, as if, as though, howHe did just (as you told him).9) 程度状语从句常用的关联词有: so, so that, as far as,so long as(So long as you need me), Illstay.。6欢迎下载

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