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1、语法：连词Link words连词是虚词，不能在句中单独担任成分，只起连接作用。按其用法，连词可分为两大类：并列连词(Coordinate Conjunctions)和从属连词 (Subordinate Conjunctions)。一并列连词：连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。1. 并列关系： and, not only but also , both and , neither nor I used to live in Paris and London.Both Jane and Jim are interested in fishing.The weather here is neith
2、er too cold nor too hot.She is not only kind but also honest.2. 转折关系： but, yet, while( 然而 ), when( 然而，偏偏 ) The car is very old but it runs very fast.The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out.The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm. Why did you borrow the b
3、ook when you had one?3. 选择关系： or, not but , either or ,Would you like to live or would you like to stay?He is not a teacher but a writer.You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.4. 因果关系： forIt must have rained last night, for the ground is wet now.The leaves of the trees are falling, for it s al
4、ready autumn.5. 区别（ 1） and 和 or1) 并列结构中， or 通常用于否定句， and 用于肯定句。2) 但有时 and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题-I don tlike chicken _ fish.-I don tlike chicken, _ I like fish very much.1A. and
5、； andB. and； butC. or； butD. or； and答案 C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。判断改错：(错 ) We will die without air and water.(错 ) We cantlive without air or water.(对 ) We will die without air or water.(对 ) We cantlive without air and water.(2) 表示选择的并列结构1) or 意思为 否则 。I must work hard, or I ll fail in the exam.2) either
6、or 意思为 或者或者 。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。Either you or I am right.(3) 表示转折或对比1) but 表示转折， while 表示对比。Some people love cats, while others hate them.典型例题- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- I d like to, _ I m too busy.A. andB. soC. asD. but答案 D 。but 与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的 so，原因的 as 都不符合句意。2) not but 意思为
7、不是而是 not 和 but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.(4) 表原因关系1) for判断改错：(错 ) For he is ill, he is absent today.(对 ) He is absent today, for he is ill.for 是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。2) so, thereforeHe hurt his leg, so he couldn tplay in the gam
8、e.注意：2a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。You can watch TV , and /or you can go to bed.He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn tplay in the game.b. although yet，但 although 不与but 连用。(错 )Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.(对 )Although he was weak, yet he tri
9、ed his best to do the work.(5)注意：not only but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.neither nor 意思为 既不也不 谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor 后的词保持一致。(6)比较 so 和 such其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定。 such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many， few ， muc
10、h， little 连用，形成固定搭配。so + adj.such + a(n) + n.so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. (pl.)such +n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. 不可数 so foolishso nice a flowerso many/ few flowersso much/little money.so many peoplesuch +n. 不可数 such a foolsuch a nice flowersuch nice flowerssuch rapid progresssuch a
11、lot of peopleso many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such 搭配。sothat 与 suchthat 之间的转换即为so 与 such 之间的转换。二从属连词：指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：引导时间状语从句的：after,before, when,as, while,since, until,till,as soon as引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as引导让步状语从句的：although,though,no matter （无论） , even if (though)引导条
12、件状语从句的：if,unless, once, as (so) long as引导结果状语从句的：so, so that,so that , such that3引导目的状语从句的：so, so that , inorder that 引导比较状语从句的：as as , notso (as), as, than引导方式状语从句的：as, as if , as though引导地点状语从句的：where ， wherever引导名词性从句（主语，宾语、表语或同位语从句）的连词主要有：that, whether, if三个。其中 that 和 whether 间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。（一
13、）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1、当 while, when, as 引导时间状语从句时的区别：while 引导的状语从句中动词必须是延续性。谓语动词多为进行时， 或状态动词的一般时。 while的这些用法可用when 代替，等于“at the time that”,“during the time。 that”例如： Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying ； when 除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“atthe time ”， when 引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以是延续性的。因此主句和
14、从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如： When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment. （不能用while ）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English. （ when 可换成 while ）as 常可与 when， while 通用，但强调“一边、一边 ”。例如： As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37
15、.when 引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语 +系动词 ”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如： When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man.She ll be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary.when 有时代替if ，引导条件句，意为“如果 ”、 “假如 ”，例如： I ll come when (if) Im free.2、 before 作连词一般表示时间，意为“在 之前 ”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译： He almost knoc
16、ked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。3、till, until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时， 结构为 not until(till) ，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为 “直到 才 ”。用于肯定句时， 只与延续性动词连用，表示 “到 为止 ”。例如： They played volleyball until (till) it got dark.They didn t （talk
17、延续） until (till) the interpreter（译员） came.4He didn t go to bed（非延续） until (till) the his father came back.；until 可以放在句首， till 则不行，例如： Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing.Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒装）； till, until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the for
18、est. （要用 as far as或 to）。4、 because, since, as 引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用 because ,因此 because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。例如： He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或since。 since 比 as 更正式些。as 和 since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如： As you are tired, you had
19、better rest./ Since everyone is here, now lets begin.5、 although和 though 引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：although 用于各种文体，而though 则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although, though引导的从句后，主句不能用but，但可用副词yet, still 。例如： Although/Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working. （或 yet they went onworking ） though 常
20、与 even 连用， even though 表示强调，意为 “即使 ”，但不能说 even although，例如： Even though I didn t understand a word, I dept smiling. though 可用作副词， 意为 “然而 ”，常用逗号与句子分开。 although 则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如： It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.6、 once 作副词译 “曾经 ”，作为连词译“一旦 ”，引导条件状语从句。相当于if 的加强形式。例如： I don t believe he w
21、as once a thief. (once这里是副词 )/Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, hetaught it as a truth to his students. (once 连词 )7、 unless 引导条件状语从句等于if not 。例如： Hell accept the job unless the salary is too low. ( = Hell accept larythe jobisnotifthetoosalo
22、w.)8、在用 as if 引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如： He talks as if he knew all about it.但有时也可用直陈语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.9、 whether, if 引导从句的用法区别：引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用 if 。5例如： Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./The question is whether we can finish the task on time
23、./The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.whether 可接不定式，而if 则不可。例如：I haven t decided whether to leave or not.whether 可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if 则不可。例如： Everything depends on whether we have enough money./Whether he will come, I am not sure.whether 和 if 均可引导宾语从句，w
24、hether 引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用whether），例如： Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?/I wonder if it doesn t rain.引导宾语从句的whether 和 if 常可与 or not 连用。连用时要注意or not 的位置，它一般与whether 、if 分开使用，有时它可与whether 合起来使用，但不能与if 合起来使用。例如： I don t know whether/ if they will c
25、ome or not./I don t know whether or not they will come.if 可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果 ”， whether 则不行。例如： If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、 as 作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。as 引导时间状语从句，意为“当 时 ”。例如： As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked.as 引导方式状语从句，意为“象 一样 ”。例如：
26、 We must do as the Party teaches us.as 引导原因状语从句。意为“由于 ”，例如： As you are tired, you had better rest.as 引导让步状语从句。意为 “虽然 ”、“尽管 ”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child,he can do it well.)另外， as 做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：I have the same book as you.连词 while 是高考一个命题的热点，你知道其考点主要涉及哪些方面吗？一、考查表示
27、时间的用法，其意为“当的时候”。如：We must strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。Stand still while I take your photograph.我给你拍照时站着不要动。Have we got enough books to read while we are on holiday?假期里我们有足够的书看吗?Were there any calls for me while I was out?我出去的时候，有人来过电话吗?6She hates anyone listening while she is telephoning.她打
28、电话时不愿让任何人听。二、考查表示让步的用法，其意为“尽管”“虽然”。如：While the work was difficult, it was interesting.虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。While I understand what you say, I can t agree with you.虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。三、考查表示对比的用法，其意为“而”“但”。如：Some people waste food while others haven t enough. 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。I went swimming while the others
29、played tennis.我去游泳，而其余的人则去打网球了。Prices are rising sharply, while incomes are lagging far behind.物价飞涨而收入却远远落后。注：这样用时，while 引出的句子通常位于末，但有时也可位于句首。如：While most children learn to read easily, some need extra help.大多数儿童学会阅读很容易，有一些儿童却需要特别帮助。While Deauville is a holiday resort, Trouville is more of a working
30、 town.特维尔是个度假胜地，而特鲁维尔更多的却是个工业城市。四、考查其省略用法，即主句与从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有动词be 时，通常可省略从句主语和动词be。如：While (he was) in prison, she wrote her first novel.她在狱中写出了第一部小说。He had strayed from home while still a boy.他小时候就离开家到处流浪了。He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework.他做着做着功课就睡着了。I was only listening to the rad
31、io with half an ear, while (I was) preparing some food.我正在做吃的东西，没太留心听收音机。【考点实训】1.She just sits there reading her story book, _ I do all the work.A. untilB. whileC. becauseD. though2.Their economy has expanded enormously, _ ours, by contrast, has declined.A. whileB. unlessC. in caseD. which3.Could yo
32、u watch my bags for me, _ I go to the toilet?A. thoughB. unlessC. whatD. while4.The professor is typing his own letters _ his secretary is ill.A. whatB. whichC. ifD. while5.She said she was going to the shops and asked me whether I wanted anything _ she was out.A. thoughB. whileC. whichD. before6.Te
33、a is the most popular drink, _coffee comes second.A. sinceB. untilC. whatD. while7.Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, _ those in the south are relatively poor.7A. sinceB. beforeC. whileD. because8. It is no accident that men fillmost of the top jobs in nursing, _ women remain on the lo
34、wergrades.A. afterB. sinceC. whileD. which9. _ trying to open the can, I cut my hand.A. ThoughB. BecauseC. ForD. While10. Some people prefer a vegetarian diet, _ others prefer a meat-based diet.A. thoughB. whileC. whichD. for11. He didn task me in; he kept me standing at the door _ he read the messa
35、ge.A. whileB. beforeC. afterD. which12. Now s the time to buy a car, _ the interest rates are low.A. butB. whichC. whileD. until13. The couple took good care of the baby _ occupied by their work.A. whileB. afterC. whichD. since14. How did you spend your time _ you were on holiday?A. althoughB. while
36、C. whichD. since15. Because Jane had once had a bad accident _ driving, she was afraid to try it again.A. thoughB. unlessC. forD. while（以上答案均是while ）改错题1.连词(1) Im sorry, and I wont be able to come tonight.(2) He is not only a football player and also a famous writer.(3) What he said at the meeting w
37、as either important nor true.(4) You must get up early tomorrow, for I will go there alone.(5) Without both money or talent, science would progress slowly.(6) Though we got very tired, but we didnt stop working in the factory.(7) Where Peter goes, he is welcome.(8) Youll miss the train until you hur
38、ry up.8(9) If you are there or not doesnt matter much.(10)The book is interesting so it has many stories of adventure.(ll)You wont know the value of health after you lose it.(12)Our flight from Beijing to London was delayed because the heavy fog.(13)Read the text slowly so you may understand the sto
39、ry better.(14)Do you know how Jane is getting on well with her classmates?(15)For you are free tonight, why not drop in and play chess with me?(16)It was already ten oclock that we got to the park yesterday morning.(17)We know nothing about the man besides that he is from London.(18) Teachers should
40、 have patience, so children would never learn anything.(19)My brother is in favour of playing football, when my sister insisted on swimming.(20)The reason why Michael has made such great progress is because he has never wasted his time.2.强调句(1) Where was it she found her lost necklace?(2) It is the
41、people who is really powerful.(3) It were Tim and Jim who cleaned the room.(4) There is not everybody that can draw so well.(5) Bob hoped it would be him who would be invited.(6) It is at the gate where she will be waiting for me.(7) It was the first newspaper which was printed on a moving train.(8)
42、 It was because the bus broke down on the way to the station we missed the train.(9) Is it Tom that you saw yesterday?(10) It was noon that we got to the small village.91.连词(1) 答案： and 改为 but， Im sorry ， but是一个固定说法。(2) 答案： and 改为 but;not only but also，固定搭配。(3) 答案： either 改为 neither， neithernor， “既不 也不 ”。(4) 答案： for 改为 or, 否则，符合句意。(5) 答案： or 改为 and， both and固定搭配。(6) 答案： 去掉 but， though 不能跟 but 连用。(7)答案： Where 改为 Wherever ， Wherever 引导让步状语从句， “无论彼得到哪里 ”。(8)答案： until 改为 unless， unless if hot 除非，如果不，符合句意。(9)答案： If 改为 Whether在句首引导名词性从句，用whether 不用