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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。祝愿天下莘莘学子：学业有成，金榜题名！语言类考试复习资料大全公共英语五级分类模拟题Health and Body Care(二)公共英语五级分类模拟题Health and Body Care(二)Unit 1Part Exercise 3 Speaking Topic: Factors influencing ones health What do you think are the main factors influencing ones health? Choose three from the list and tell each other why.
2、If you hold different opinions you may argue and you may also add you own ideas that are not listed here. 问题:1. diet lifestyle stress mental attitude towards life pollution 答案:Topic: Factors influencing ones health Suggested Answers These factors all influence our health. In my opinion, the key fact
3、ors include diet, lifestyle and attitude towards life. There is a saying, You are what you eat. This means your health is influenced by the food you eat. A balanced diet is essential for good health. Ones lifestyle also contributes to ones health. In a fast-paced modern society, people spend more an
4、d more time working before a computer and watching television rather than doing physical activities. This physical inactivity can lead to obesity which in turn causes many health problems such as heart disease and diabetes. Having an active life, i.e., exercising a lot can greatly reduce the risk of
5、 having such health problems. One more important factor is ones attitude towards life. If you are optimistic and look at things positively, you will be happier and can work out ways to deal with problems. Conversely, if you are pessimistic and complain about everything all the time, life will be dif
6、ficult and you will feel unhappy and be vulnerable to diseases. Exercise 4 Writing You are expected to write at least 250 words about the .following topic. 问题:1. You have read a newspaper article which states: Prevention is better than cure. The government should allocate more resources to the preve
7、ntion of diseases. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view?答案:Topic: Prevention is better than cure. The government should allocate more resources to the prevention of diseases. Suggested Answers Over the past century, prevention of diseases has brought many benefits in health and life expe
8、ctancy. Many diseases that used to be major causes of death, such as tuberculosis, have been brought under control. Thanks to better health care, higher living standards and medical advances, life expectancy has increased significantly. Prevention generally falls into two areas-health care and vacci
9、nation. Through public health campaigns, peoples awareness of health can be raised, so they pay more attention to nutrition and personal hygiene, boosting their immune system, which makes them less vulnerable to diseases and better able to withstand diseases when they are exposed to them. Regular me
10、dical checkups also help people detect signs of diseases at early stages and make it much easier to treat the diseases. A lot of suffering can be prevented, not to say the huge cost. In the meantime, vaccination has also helped control some diseases. Thanks to vaccines like smallpox and polio vaccin
11、es, vaccinated children no longer have such diseases in their later life. Many diseases have virtually disappeared. Prevention of diseases saves not only individuals but also the country enormous cost of medical bills. Moreover, prevention can make people immune to certain diseases and save them a l
12、ot of suffering. Prevention of diseases takes long-term efforts and needs huge resources for research and development. In the short term, the benefits may not be easily seen. In the long run, however, it is in the best interest of people and the country, so it is necessary for the government to allo
13、cate more resources to the prevention of diseases. Unit 2Part Burgers on the Brain Can you really get addicted to fast food? The evidence is piling up, and the lawyers are rubbing their hands. Diane Martindale reports middle- aged janitors rarely make their mark on science. But Caesar Barber looks l
14、ike breaking the mould. Last July, Barber, a 56-year-old diabetic and double heart-attack victim from Brooklyn, sued McDonalds, Burger King, KFC and Wendys, claiming that his illnesses were partly their fault. He had eaten in their restaurants for years, he said, without ever being told that the foo
15、d was damaging his health. Barbers class-action lawsuit was the first volley in a long-awaited legal assault against the fast-food industry and its role in the obesity epidemic that is swamping the US health-care system. Inspired by the success of Big Tobacco, the lawyers behind it believe they can
16、force fast-food chains to meet their fair share of the enormous cost of caring for obesity. Pulling the strings is John Banzhaf, of George Washington University Law School in Washington DC, who masterminded the Big Tobacco crusade. That campaign won him plaudits all over the world. But Big Fat is a
17、different matter. To many - including a federal judge who last month dismissed a similar lawsuit against McDonalds - it seems blatantly absurd. Surely people who become fat and ill because they have eaten too much fast food only have themselves to blame. Perhaps not. New and potentially explosive fi
18、ndings on the biological effects of fast food suggest that eating yourself into obesity isnt simply down to a lack of self-control. Some scientists are starting to believe that bingeing on foods that are excessively high in fat and sugar can cause changes to your brain and body that make it hard to
19、say no. A few even believe that the foods can trigger changes that are similar to full-blown addiction. The research is still at a very early stage, but thanks to Caesar Barber it is about to be thrust firmly into the limelight. Taking on the fast-food industry was always going to be a much tougher
20、assignment than beating the cigarette barons. Tobacco is obviously addictive. Nobody needs to smoke. And the tobacco companies knew their products were addictive yet covered it up. None of these accusations can be levelled at food. Banzhaf maintains that he can win regardless. He points out that he
21、doesnt have to prove that the fast-food chains are entirely responsible for obesity. All he has to do is convince a jury that his clients health problems were not entirely their own fault - that the fast-food companies share the blame. Perhaps, for example, they should have labelled the food to info
22、rm customers of its high calorific value. Any hint that the food is addictive, though, would make Banzhafs job a great deal easier. And he knows it. Banzhaf already says he believes that fast food has addictive-like properties. We might even discover that its possible to become addicted to the all-A
23、merican meal of burgers and fries, he says. But how can something you need for survival be addictive? The answer could be in the food itself. The difference between a fast-food meal and a home- cooked one is the sheer quantity of calories and fat it delivers in one go. The US Department of Agricultu
24、res recommended daily intake for a normal adult male is 2800 kilocalories (11,723 kilojoules) and a maximum of 93 grams of fat. A meal at a fast-food outlet - burger, fries, drink and dessert - can deliver almost all of that in a single sitting. Biologists are now starting to realise that a binge of
25、 these proportions can trigger physiological changes which mute the hormonal signals that normally tell you to put down the fork. In the past decade, researchers have discovered myriad hormones that play a role in regulating appetite. Under normal conditions these hormones control eating and help ma
26、intain a stable body weight. Leptin, for example, is continuously secreted by fat cells and its level in the bloodstream indicates the status of the bodys fat reserves. This signal is read by the hypothalamus, the brain region that coordinates eating behaviour, and taken as a guideline for keeping r
27、eserves stable. The problem is, people who gain weight develop resistance to leptins power, explains Michael Schwartz, an endocrinologist at the University of Washington in Seattle. Their brain loses its ability to respond to these hormones as body fat increases, he says. The fatter they get, and th
28、e more leptin they make, the more insensitive the hypothalamus becomes. Eventually the hypothalamus interprets the elevated level as normal - and forever after misreads the drops in leptin caused by weight loss as a starvation warning. But you dont need to become overweight to perturb your leptin sy
29、stem. The latest research suggests that it only takes a few fatty meals. In a study published in December, physiologist Luciano Rossetti of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City fed rats a high-fat diet and found that after just 72 hours the animals had already lost almost all of
30、their ability to respond to leptin. The good news, says Rossetti, is that these changes are reversible. But the fatter a person becomes the more resistant they will be to the effects of leptin and the harder it is to reverse those effects. Sarah Leibowitz, a neurobiologist at Rockefeller University
31、in New York City, has more evidence that eating fast food is self-reinforcing. Her experiments show that exposure to fatty foods may quickly reconfigure the bodys hormonal system to want yet more fat. She has shown that levels of galanin, a brain peptide that stimulates eating and slows down energy
32、expenditure, increase in rats when they eat a high-fat diet. In fact, Leibowitz has found that it only takes one high-fat meat to stimulate galanin expression in the hypothalamus. When the effects of galanin are blocked, the animals eat much less fat. The peptide is itself responsive to the consumpt
33、ion of fat, which then creates the basis for a vicious cycle, she says. Whats more, early exposure to fatty food could reconfigure childrens bodies so that they always choose fatty foods. Leibowitz found that when she fed young rats a high-fat diet, they invariably became obese later in life. She is
34、 still investigating whats going on, but her theory is that an elevated level of fats called triglycerides in the bloodstream turns on genes for neuropeptides such as galanin that promote overeating. This suggests that children fed kids meals at fast-food restaurants are more likely to grow up to be
35、 burger-scoffing adults. Rossettis most recent studies have also found a connection between triglycerides and food intake. Using a catheter implanted in the brain, Rossetti delivered lipids directly into the arcuate nucleus - a region of the hypothalamus - to either normally fed rats or overfed rats
36、, and then measured their food intake for three days. In the normally fed group the excess fats curbed food intake by up to 60 per cent. But the overfed rats just carried on scoffing. Whats more, Rossetti discovered that this effect is not dependent on the composition of the diet, whether high-fat o
37、r high-sugar, but instead depends on the total amount of calories. Hormonal changes may remove some element of free will, but on its own that hardly means that fast food is addictive. However, there is another strand of research that suggests gorging on fat and sugar causes brain changes normally as
38、sociated with addictive drugs such as heroin. It is already well established that food and addiction are closely linked. Many addiction researchers believe that addictive drugs such as cocaine and nicotine exert their irresistible pull by hijacking reward circuits in the brain. These circuits evolve
39、d to motivate humans to seek healthy rewards such as food and sex. Eating energy-dense food, for example, triggers the release of endorphins and enkephalins, the brains natural opioids, which stimulate a squirt of dopamine into a structure called the nucleus accumbens, a tiny cluster of cells in the
40、 midbrain. Exactly how this generates a feeling of reward isnt understood, but it is clear that addictive substances provide a short cut to it - they all seem to increase levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Repeated use of addictive substances is thought to alter the circuitry in as yet unk
41、nown ways. Comprehension Questions 4-8 Complete the following sentences with NO MORE THAN three words for each blank.1. According to Banzhaf, the fast-food companies should have informed customers of the foods _.答案:high calorific valueParagraph 6: Perhaps, for example, they should have labelled the
42、food to inform customers of its high calorific value.2. The major difference between a fast-food meal and a home-cooked meal is the amount of _ eaten at a time.答案:calories and fatParagraph 8: The difference between a fast-food meal and a home-cooked one is the sheer quantity of calories and fat it d
43、elivers in one go.3. Physiologists believe that too much fat and calorie intake at a meal can cause changes in the body that silence _.答案:the hormonal signalsParagraph 8: Biologists are now staring to realise that a binge of these proportions can trigger physiological changes which mute the hormonal
44、 signals that normally tell you to put down the fork.4. Fat cells continuously produce leptin whose level in the bloodstream shows the bodys _.答案:fat reservesParagraph 9: Leptin, for example, is continuously secreted by fat cells and its level in the bloodstream indicates the status of the bodys fat
45、 reserves. 原句为被动语态，而问题则变为主动语态。5. The brain of people who gain weight can become resistant to _.答案:leptins powerParagraph 10: The problem is, people who gain weight develop resistance to leptins powertheir brain loses its ability to respond to these hormones as body fat increases Questions 1-3 Choose
46、 the best answer. 6. Which of the following statements is true?A.Caesar Barber had diabetes and heart disease because he had had too much fast food.B.Caesar Barber is a middle-aged janitor who might have an impact on science.C.This is the second lawsuit against the fast-food industry.D.Lawyers are f
47、ighting the case to get Caesar Barbers bills paid.答案:BParagraph 1: middle-aged janitors rarely make their mark on science, But Caesar Barber looks like breaking the mould.根据前两段的内容可以排除A、C和D。7. Lawsuit against the fast-food industry _.A.is dismissed by the judge as frivolousB.is expected to win John B
48、anzhaf commendationC.is regarded by many people as absurdD.is supposed to lead to the bankruptcy of the fast-food chains答案:CParagraph 3: To manyit seems blatantly absurd.根据including a federal judge who last month dismissed a similar lawsuit against McDonalds，判断A为错误项。因为 That campaign (指Big Tobacco) won him plaudits all over the world But Big Fat is a different matter判断B为错误项。D项内容没有根据。8. According to the article, _.A.people who have ea