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1、词类（parts of speech）,能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词，根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(partsofspeech)。,1,谷风课件A,英语词类,十大词类 实词（6）：名词 动词 代词 形容词 副词 数词 虚词（4）：冠词 介词 连词 感叹词,2,谷风课件A,3,谷风课件A,名词：表示某类人，事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称,在句子中作主语，宾语或表语 The bags are on the desk. I like apples. This is a gook book.,主语,表语,宾语,4,谷风课件A,动词：表示动作或状态的词汇,情态动词,助动词,实义动
2、词,系动词,及物动词,不及物动词,read teach like,rise work go,be动词：am/is/are was/were 感官动词：feel ,smell, taste, look,sound 变化动词：become, get, turn,grow,be,do, does,did, have, has, had,must, can, could, shall, should.,5,谷风课件A,实义动词,及物动词 He is reading a book. Mr. Green teaches us English. 不及物动词 The sun rises in the east
3、. He works hard.,6,谷风课件A,系动词 The food smells good. The girl is beautiful. The apple looks red. The leaves become yellow.,7,谷风课件A,代词：代替名词的词,We are students of class 16. Tom gives me an apple. Who is there? - It is me.,主语,宾语,表语,8,谷风课件A,形容词：表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词,This is a red apple. She told us something i
4、nteresting. The sun was hot yesterday. Lucy is tall in her class.,定语,后置定语,表语,表语,9,谷风课件A,副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等的词，以说明动作性质或状态。,We should get up early in the morning. The movie is very interesting. Tom often goes to school by bike.,状语,10,谷风课件A,数词,基数词：one, two, three. 序数词：first, second, third I have one book
5、. She is the first in the class.,定语,表语,11,谷风课件A,句子成分 和 基本句型,12,谷风课件A,(Members of a Sentence),13,谷风课件A,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？ ！,I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is !,14,谷风课件A,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）、谓语（pred
6、icate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 、补语（complement）、同位语。,句子包括哪些成分？,15,谷风课件A,主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首,The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends.,16,谷风课件A,谓语：,谓语说明主语做什么，以什么状态或特征存在，由简单动词或者动词短语构成,They are teach
7、ers. She looks well. He studies hard. He laughed at his classmates. He can speak English.,17,谷风课件A,表语：,表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面,I am a teacher. She feels happy. Everybody is here. They are at home now. He went mad. Seeing is believing.,18,谷风课件A,宾语,宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词
8、，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后,She plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV. She likes to go to shop this afternoon. I think that he is good boy.,19,谷风课件A,宾语补足语,在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当,If you let me g
9、o, Ill make you king. Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I heard my name called.,20,谷风课件A,状语,状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当,He did it carefully. He studied very hard. I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is
10、writing with a pen. I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.,21,谷风课件A,定语,定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语,The black bike is mine. Whats your name? I have 5 books. A sleeping boy is sleeping. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack.,22,谷风课件A,三、同位语：,同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等
11、位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） Li Lei, my brother, came to see me today. (my brother是Li Lei的同位语）,23,谷风课件A,一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn las
12、t class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,24,谷风课件A,(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - He is a teacher while his little brother is still a junior middle school st
13、udent.,25,谷风课件A,(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. A beautiful girl is running to us. 5. The boy in the clssroom is crying.,26,谷风课件A,(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 He asked her to study hard. She found it di
14、fficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,27,谷风课件A,(五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.,28,谷风课件A, With the medi
15、cine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books.,29,谷风课件A,句子成份练习,1、You should study hard. 2、The teacher got very angry. 3、The boy told me his story. 4、We elected him our monitor. 5、The sun keeps us warm. 6、I told him to open the window. 7、We watched the tra
16、in leaving the station.,状语,表语,间语+直宾,宾语+宾补,宾语+宾补,宾语+宾补,宾语+宾补,30,谷风课件A,8. I think it difficult to finish the work this morning. 9. There seems little hopes of success. 10、To our joy, they arrived safe. 11、The fact is very clear that our team will win the game. 12. After graduation he will work where h
17、e came from.,宾语+宾补,主语,状语,同位语,状语,31,谷风课件A,有哪几种常见的句型结构？,32,谷风课件A,按句子的结构可分三种：简单句、 并列句和复合句。 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. They walked, talked and laughed.,33,谷风课件A,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型,掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一： （主谓） 二： （主系表）
18、 三： （主谓宾） 四： （主谓间宾直宾） 五： （主谓宾宾补）,34,谷风课件A,35,谷风课件A,基本句型一 +i（主谓） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。,36,谷风课件A,37,谷风课件A,基本句型 二 + +（主系表） 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；get,
19、 grow, become, turn,go等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。,38,谷风课件A,39,谷风课件A,系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。,40,谷风课件A,一、系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out（结果是、证明是）等。 You dont look very well. I feel rather cold.,41,谷风课件A
20、,He seems to be ill. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds!,42,谷风课件A,第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad.,43,谷风课件A,第三类：
21、表示保持状态的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。 Keep quiet, children! It remains to be proved.,44,谷风课件A,基本句型 三 +t +（主谓宾） 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,45,谷风课件A,46,谷风课件A,基本句型 四 +t +IO +（主谓间宾直宾） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
22、 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。,47,谷风课件A,48,谷风课件A,基本句型 五 +t + +（主谓宾宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,49,谷风课件A,50,谷风课件A,用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,51
23、,谷风课件A,典型例题分析,52,谷风课件A,1.They work hard. 主 + 谓 2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表 3.Plants need water. 主 + 谓 + 宾 4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 简宾 5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓,53,谷风课件A,a， b， c， d， e， ,1，Pleas tell us a story._ 2, S
24、he smiled._ 3. I have a lot work to do._ 4. His job is to train swimmers._ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._ 6. Please look at the picture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,54,谷风课件A,用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,55,谷风课件A,并列句,
25、定 义,用 法,56,谷风课件A,并列句是由and, but, or, for等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为:简单句+并列连词+简单句。并列句是初中英语语法的重点和难点,也是中考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全面掌握并列句,就让我们一起聆听它的“四重奏”吧!,定义,并列句是由and, but, or, for等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为:简单句+并列连词+简单句。并列句是初中英语语法的重点和难点,也是中考的常考知识点之一。要想真正、全面掌握并列句,就让我们一起聆听它的“四重奏”吧!,定义,57,谷风课件A,联合
26、并列句,并列连词:and(和、并且), 其中and意为“和、又、而”，表示动作先后等，not only.but also.(不但而且)等。,Jim finished his homework and he went to bed. 吉姆写完作业,就上床睡觉了。 Not only I come to school early, but also my teacher does. 不但我到校早,而且我的老师也是如此。,and在表示条件时，可与if引导的肯定条件句转换,keep passing the ball to each other, and you”ll be Ok!,If you keep
27、 passing the ball each other, you”ll be Ok!,58,谷风课件A,转折并列句,并列连词:but(但是),however(然而),yet(但是),while(而,然而)等。其中but意为“但是、可是、然而、不过”，表意思转折 。,Shes good at English, but her Chinese isnt good. 她擅长英语,但语文不好。 He worked hard, yet he failed.他努力地干,然而失败了。 Tom is tall while his brother is short. 汤姆个儿很高,而他的兄弟却很矮。 Id l
28、ike to go with you, however my hands are full. 我想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。,59,谷风课件A,特别提醒: though, although(虽然，尽管)不能 与 but(但是)连用。,虽然他很累,但是他没有停止工作。 误:Although he is very tired, but he doesnt stop working.,正:Although he is very tired, he doesnt stop working. 正:He is very tired, but he doesnt stop working.,60,谷风课
29、件A,选择并列句,并列连词:or(或者;否则,要不然),either.or.(或者或者),neither. nor.(既不又不)等。,You must tell the truth, or you will be punished. 你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。 Either you can do it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it. 你或者自己做,或者让别人去做。,提醒:“祈使句+or/and+简单句”也是一个固定句型,此句型中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句 。,Work hard, and you
30、ll pass the exam. (=If you work hard, youll pass the exam.) 努力学习,你就会通过考试。,61,谷风课件A,因果并列句,并列连词:for(因为),表示因果关系，起解释说明的作用。 so(所以)等。其中so为“所以、结果”，表因果关系。,That was our first lesson, so she didnt know all our names. 那是我们第一堂课,因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。 She didnt come to school today, for she was ill. 今天她没来上学,因为她生病了。,提醒
31、: so与because不能连用。,因为我有钱,所以我能给自己买很多东西。 误:Because Im rich, so I can buy myself lots of things.,正:Because Im rich, I can buy myself lots of things. 正:Im rich, so I can buy myself lots of things.,62,谷风课件A,1. Excuse me. Do you have a table for two? Im sorry, _ there arent any seats now. Would you mind wa
32、iting for a while? A. but B. and C. or D. so 2. Work hard, _ you will pass the driving test. A. or B. but C. because D. and 3. Mike learns a lot about internet. And _. A. I dont either B. so do I C. so am I D. I am too 4. Call a taxi, _ you will miss the train. A. and B. though C. because D. or 5. I
33、 came to see her, _ she wasnt at home. A. but B. for C. or D. and,A,D,B,D,A,63,谷风课件A,3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.,64,谷风课件A,划分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve got to school. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.,65,谷风课件A,Thank you !,Goodbye!,66,谷风课件A,