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1、初高中衔接重要句法知识三大从句Complex Sentences ( 复合句 )定义 :由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体 ,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分 ,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导 ,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。 Although the grandparents love the children, they are strict withthem.从句主句 I don tknow when he will come to China.主句从句 I know the person who is standing under the tree.主句
2、从句一、宾语从句课文原句欣赏1. I know (that ) he is a Canadian athlete.2 .I imagine (that) a lot of people will come to the food festival.3. Can you tell me if it s polite to eat with your arms or elbows on the table in America?4. Maybe you don knowt whether it polites or not to speak loudly at the table.5. Do yo
3、u ask what materials they should choose?6. Could you tell me when you usually wear your uniforms?7. Could you tell me where the special shoes are?(一 )基本形式：主句的主语+谓语 +连词 -宾语从句（陈述语序）（二）宾语从句连词连接词： that, if, whether ( 三者都不在从句中作任何成份， 其中 that 无任何含义。 )连接代词： who, whom, what, which, whose (都可在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，其中
4、what, which, whose还可作定语。 )连接副词：when, where, why, how (都可在从句中作状语， where 和 how还可作表语。 )例： They think _ the bridge was built 100 years ago. I asked him _ （是否） he had finished his homework. I asked him_ （哪里）he could get such medicine . We didn t know_ had broken the window. He asked me _ time it was then
5、.（三）宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时 ,从句时态根据实际需要而定，该用什么时态就用什么时态；I think I will do better in English this term.如主句是过去时 ,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态 ,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。1He told me that he would come to see me the next day.The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round.宾语从句（名词性从句）解题思路：根据从句在整个句中的功能确定它是宾语从句（名词性从句） 分析宾语从句（名词性从句）的结构成份
6、根据连词在从句中要充当的成份，考虑以下四种情况：1连词在从句中作主、 宾或表语，则选用连接代词 (who, whom, what, which或 whose) 。2. 连词在从句中置于名词前作定语， 则选用连接代词 (what, which 或 whose)3连词在从句中作状语，则选用连接副词(when, where, why或 how) 。4连词在从句中不作任何成份时，从句表示一种确定的情况， 用连接词 that; 从句表示一种不确定的情况，用if 或 whether.（注：连接副词 where 和 how 也可在宾语从句中作表语。 ）最后结合句意确定答案。ExercisesI.选择题1.D
7、o you know _daughter she is?A. whoseB. whomC. whatD. which2.They wondered if the teacher _them some English songs the next week.A. would teachB. had taught C. will teach D. has taught3.He asked_ picture was Johns.A. whoseB. whoC. whichD. that4.He told us _ Paris is the capital of France.A. whichB.wh
8、etherC. thatD. if5.Can you tell me_?A. what your father doesB. what does your father doC. your father does whatD. what does your father6.He asked me if I knew_.A. whose pen was itB. whose pen it wasC. whose pen it isD. it is whose penII. 用所给动词的适当形式填空1. I am afraid that I _ (be) late again.2. I m sur
9、e everything _(go)well.3. I don t know how many people _(be) in the room.4. I wanted to know if he _(can) mend the car.5. She said that she _(go) fishing last Sunday.6. He said that he _ (fly) to Paris next week.7. She told me that they _( talk) about the new film at that time.8. She said that the s
10、un _(be)brighter than the moon.9. I hear that Tom _ (be) here for a week.10. He said he _ (be ) to America twice.III. 句型转换1. “ The earth goes around the sun,” she taught us. She taught us _ the earth _ around the sun.22. “ Will you come here and help me ?sked”meshe. a She asked me _ I _ go there and
11、 help her.3. “ Why didn t you come here on time?” I wanted to know. I wanted to know _ you _ go there on time.4. “ Don t shout here.” she told me. She asked me _ shout there.二、状语从句课文原句欣赏1. I m feeling really sadbecause I failed the English exam.2. Maria is not as/so brave as Helen.3. While you were
12、enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.4. If people obey the traffic rules, there will be fewer accidents.5. I liked it so much that my father bought a bike for me.6. I want to buy a windbreaker so that I will look more handsome.在复合句中作状语 ,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的，结果、比较、让步、条件等
13、几种。 状语从句由从属连接词引导。 1. 时间状语从句 通常由 when, as, while, after, before, since, as soon as, till(until), while, whenever, hardly when , no sooner等引导 。than When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam.I had no sooner closed the door than someone knocked at the door.=No sooner had I closed the doo
14、r than someone knocked at the door.2. 条件状语从句 通常由 if, unless, as long as （只要） 等引导 ,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾。If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. 注意 : 时间和条件状语从句中用现在时代替将来时(主将从现 )。I won t leaveuntil Mum comes back.You will certainly fail in the coming final examsunless you work muchharder .3. 地点状语从句
15、通常由where, wherever 等引导。Go back where you came from !I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklacewherever hemay be.4. 原因状语从句 通常由 because, since, as 等引导 ,一般放在句首或句尾。He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him . 5. 目的状语从句 通常由 so that., in order that. 等引导 ,往往放在句尾
16、 ,从句中通常含有 can / could / may / might等情态动词。He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.6. 结果状语从句 通常由 so.that. 等引导 ,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情 ,故多为过去时态。He lost so many bikesthat he decided never to buy a new one.7. 比较状语从句 通常由 as, than, as (so).as 等引导 ,一般省略从句的谓语部分 , 只剩下名词或代词 (用主格或宾格均可 )。Jane is
17、 much tallerthan I/me .3I don t have as many booksas you (do) .8. 让步状语从句 通常由 though (although), as, even if( even though), however,whatever ，no matter+wh等引导。Even if you pay the debt(债务 ) for me, I willnot thankyou because it hasnothing to do with me.He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold.No matte
18、r what he says, I will believe him.Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 注意 1、 because 与 so； (al)though 与 but ；if 与 so 不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。 2、时间、条件、原因和让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。ExercisesI. 用适当的连词将两个简单句合并成一个复合句。1. She was late for school. She missed the 6:30 bus.2. The students still had their sports meeting
19、. It was raining.3. I will not believe it. I hear it with my own ears.4. I saw your uncle. I was walking in the street.5. You are able to book three tickets. I shall go to the show with you.II. 选择题。1.I must finish the work _ I go home.A. beforeB. whenC. until2.I ll go there by bike _ it is fine tomo
20、rrow.A. whetherB. thatC. if3.I will write to you _ I get there.A. whileB. as soon asC. as4.Please answer the question in a loud enough voice _ all the class mayhear.A. thatB. so thatC. and5.I have _ that I don t know which one I should borrow.A. such many booksB. so many booksC. such much books6.The
21、re are heavy clouds in the sky _ it is going to rain.A. ifB. thatC. as if7.Jim has been in the factory for two years _ he left school.A. whenB. sinceC. as soon as8.Mike is good at playing basketball _ Bruce does well in football.A. whenB. untilC. while9.He was riding to school _ he was hit by a car
22、this morning.A. whileB. whenC. as10. A lot of new buildings have been put up in our university. It is no longer the same _ it used to be.A. like whatB. thatC. as411. - What should I do here?- Just put all the things _ they were.A. whereB. whenC. whoseD.which12.- You d better remember what I said yes
23、terday, _ others will laughat you.- Sure. I ll do it _ you told me.A. or; asB. and ; asC. or ; afterIII. 在下列各句中填入适当连词，使句子意思完整、通顺。1.The elephanthas _ a strong body_ it can do heavy workforpeople.2.He didn t go to bed _ his mother came back home.3.He waited _ I came back.4.There are _ many cars in the
24、 street _ I cannot go across the road.5.The teacher spoke slowly_ _ every studentcouldhear himclearly.6.Wash your hands _ you have meals.7.She usually helps her mother with the housework _ she finishes herhomework8. _ I was eating my breakfast, the fire alarm rang suddenly.9. _ I came into the room,
25、 he was writing a letter.10. My school bag is heavier _ yours.11. Linda goes to the library _ often _ Jane.12._ there is a will, there is a way.三、定语从句课文原句欣赏1.China is a great country that / which has about 5,000 years of history.2.He was a great thinker who / that had many wise ideas and thoughts ab
26、out nature and human behavior.3.Could you tell me something about the places ( that / which ) you visited there?4.That s the most fantastic place( that )I have ever heard of.5.Confucius was a great man whose sayings are still very famous.1. 定义 : 在复合句中作定语，修饰句子中某一 _或_的从句叫定语从句;被修饰的名词或代词称为 _；引导定语从句的连接词称
27、为 _The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.2. 关系代词或关系副词的作用：关系代词 who 、 whom和 whose 指人 , 在从句中作 _。which 只能指物，that 多指物 , 有时也指人 ,它们在从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days.Please find a room which/ that is big enough for all of
28、us to live in.关系副词 when ， where 和 why 引导定语从句时 ,它们在从句中作 _。5This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago.I can never forget the day when I first saw you.3先行词指物，只用that 不用 which 引导定语从句的情况： 不定代词 something, anything, everything, nothing, the one, all, little, few等作先行词时。 先行词有 the only, the very, th
29、e same, the last,修饰时。 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身是数词时。 先行词既有人，又有物时。 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时。 主句的主语是疑问词who /which时。例： All _ is needed for studying is confidence and patience. I wish the little _ weve done could have helped you. Your new pencil-box is similar to the one _ I bought last year. This is one of themost
30、 exciting football games _ Ihave everseen. The only thing _ we could do was wait. Please tick out the two _ belong to you from these books. Going back to that place was the last thing _ I want to do Robert and his songs _ were famous in the US are also popularin China. Which is the book _ belongs to
31、 Jim?4先行词指物，只用which 不用 that 的情况： 关系代词前有介词时。 非限制性定语从句中，先行词为物或整个主句时。 先行词本身是 that 时。 This is a very useful book from _ we can learn a lot. There are many apples in the box, 50% of _ are rotten. The clock is that _ tells the time.5. 先行词指人，只用 who(m) 而不用 that 的情况：先行词是指人的不定代词 someone(body), anyone(body), e
32、veryone(body), one(s)以及 those(=the ones) 时。 在 “介词 +关系代词 ”结构中，用 whom 指人而不用 that. 为了避免重复，主句中有that 时，一般用 who(m). Do you know anyone _ is brave enough to swim in that river? Those _ were late for the meeting shall be fined. There are many people in the hall, half of _ are men. That is Mr. Li _ you hope
33、to see.6先行词指人 , 只用 that 不用 who(m) 的情况： 关系代词在定语从句中充当表语时。 先行词是 “物 +人 ”时。 主句中含有 who 时，为避免重复，一般只用that. He is not the man _ he was five years ago. The speaker mentioned some books and writers _ were unknown to us.6 Who is the man _ is standing there?7. 上述 3-6 点所说的情况，只适用于定语从句中需要能充当主语、宾语或表语的关系代词时须考虑的。 若定语从
34、句本身不缺主、 宾或表，则须用关系副词 when, where 或 why 来引导定语从句。定语从句解题思路：找出先行词 分析从句与先行词的关系 分析从句结构成份 弄清关系词在从句中要充当的成份 确定是选关系代词还是关系副词 结合句意确定答案。ExercisesI. 用适当的关系代词填空。1.The man _ I saw in the street yesterday is Tom s father.2.The students _ don t work hard will not pass the exam.3.The bridge _ is being built will be the
35、 most beautiful in the city.4.I don t want to work with a man _ hair is so long.5.Is there anything _ you want to say now?6.This is the only book _ I want to read for my child.7.The first present _ my parents gave me was a model plane.8.Jane s brother_ plays football well is my best friend.II. 选择填空1
36、.There are no children _ love their parents.A. that do notB. who does notC. thatD. who2.Who is the man _talked with you just now?A. whoB. thatC. whomD. whose3.Look at the boy and his dog _ are coming this way.A. whoB. whichC. thatD. whom4.This is the biggest ship_ I ve ever seen.A. whoB. whomC. that
37、D. which5.Those _ will go to the park stay here.A. whoB. thatC. whomD. whose6.I m interested in _ you have told me.A. whichB. thatC. all thatD. everything of which7.This is _ book _ I wrote last year.A. the only,whichB. a very,thatC. theonly,thatD. the just;which8.This is the man _ last night.A. who
38、m Isaw himB. whom I sawC. which IsawD. who Isaw him9. The famous basketball star, _tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.A whereBwhenCwhichD who10. I ll never forget the day _ I joined the League.A. whenB. in whichC. whichD. that11. Hand signs can be useful in places _ are very nois
39、y and in places _are very quiet.7A. where, whereB. where, thatC. that, whereD. that, that12. We will be shown around the city, schools, museums and some others,_ other visitors seldom go.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when13. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A. he expl
40、ainedB. whathe explainedC. how he explainedD. whyhe explained14. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable.A.which priceB. the price of whichC. its priceD. the priceof whose15. I know much about the people and things _ you pointed out for me.A. whichB. whoC. whomD. that16. The
41、 ninth lesson _ we have learned is very difficult.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. about that17. She is the only one of the teachers _ loved deeply.A. who isB. who areC. that isD. that areIII. 将下列两个简单句合并成带定语从句的复合句。1.She is going to the town. I do not know the town._.2.The machine was quite helpful. Dr.Li gave it to him._