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1、基于人机工程学健康座椅设计（Ergonomics based health seat design）Research on the design of healthy office chair based on ErgonomicsIn the information age, more and more people are long time fixed on the computer desk, a few hours a day or even a dozen hours of desk work, learning and entertainment has become the n
2、orm of life. With the deepening of people oriented thought, the health problem of this kind of population has been paid more and more attention by the public. With the rapid development of Ergonomics (or human factors engineering, ergonomics, human engineering, etc.) is the study of the interactions
3、 between people and machines, the environment and reasonable combination, make the design of the machine and environment system of physiological and psychological characteristics for people, to improve efficiency in production, science, health and safety the purpose of comfort.Ergonomics analysis of
4、 chairs(1) the history and culture of chairsSit in the chair before the invention of human beings (squatting, kneeling, lying or adaptable one stone, wood, animal skins and so on. Research shows that humans began to use the seat (seat) is a symbol of power and status, the function of sitting is seco
5、ndary. The Chinese from the seat to sit the chair of the pedal and long course, apart from the concept of ergonomics Ming style chairs and plain, the rest is basically a nearly vertical, not comfortable to sit. Reasons for the formation of the unique style of Chinese chair is affected by the traditi
6、onal China culture: Confucian etiquette culture requires people to SAT, to comply with the Confucian straight heart is the logical requirements; in order to maintain the rule of the legalist school will need further strengthening for the Confucian etiquette must abide by the hierarchy, strengthen th
7、e chair as symbol the identity and status of the Taoist culture; shaping temperament Chinese chair, shape or elegant or dignified, the pursuit of natural texture decoration, embodies the thought of harmony. With the development of productive forces and the change of production relations, the relatio
8、nship between people and chairs is changing, but the status of chairs is still symbolic.(two) chairs and human healthToday, people realize that sitting work can not only reduce labor intensity, improve work efficiency, but also has a close relationship with peoples health.1. physiological characteri
9、stics of human sitting postureWhen people change from standing to sitting, 60% of the bodys bending comes from the rotation of the hip joint, and the other 30% comes from the flattening of the lumbar curve. When sitting straight, the torso and thighs are at right angles. Because the natural S shape
10、of the spine is maintained, the intradiscal pressure is smaller than that of the bending. However, long time sitting people will naturally relax the body, hip joint form bending, the front and rear thigh muscles are in a relaxed state, can lift the back muscle load, make the whole body feel comforta
11、ble.Scientists measured the change in internal pressure correction, Disc Intervertebral in different posture and posture suggests that human posture is a major factor in determining the intradiscal pressure, high intradiscal pressure is the direct cause of the damage of intervertebral disc. Straight
12、 waist sitting is beneficial to reduce intradiscal pressure, but the muscle load increases; bending seat is conducive to muscle relaxation, but increased the internal pressure of the intervertebral disc. The study found that if the spine long-term lack of support, it will bow waist because caused by
13、 vertebrae, intervertebral disc, tendon load, leading to chronic muscle fatigue and soreness of intervertebral disc; if excessive pressure can lead to intervertebral disc herniation; if nerve compression, is prone to paralysis. At the same time, the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the
14、vision of the eye can also be altered and even altered by sitting posture.2. work life environment analysis2009 Chinese City Health Survey and China city white-collar elite health white paper research shows that China enterprise white-collar staff of 86% at the age of 22-45, but the ocular inflammat
15、ion and decreased visual acuity accounted for 80%, cervical and lumbar 30% abnormal urinary tract abnormalities, 23.5%, sub-health ratio as high as 76%. 58% of the white-collar workers daily sedentary office 5 - 8 hours, and more than 25% of the people daily sedentary office 8 - 12 hours, become a v
16、eritable chair family.With the enhancement of people oriented concept and employee self-protection consciousness, domestic companies pay more attention to the office environment, software and hardware facilities related to employee health. At present, the company pays attention to the angle tend to
17、focus on environmental design style, air quality, lighting, heating and refrigerating and providing entertainment area; and the quality supervision departments for office environment, office furniture inspection often focused on the strength and stability of the furniture, formaldehyde emission, hea
18、vy metal content soft and hard cladding, the physicochemical properties and other aspects; for the ergonomic design of office chairs, China has not yet unified, scientific and rigid standards.It is undeniable that, as a good performance of office chairs, in order to meet the basic functions of chair
19、s sit one by one, the protection of human health should be the primary consideration. By the media as associate professor Shi Zhenyu of the Tsinghua University in China design at the gate of the world appeal: the staff every day about 60% of the time is spent in the office chair, chairs are to prote
20、ct the health of employees, so the concept of health must be on the agenda. When some big companies recruit people, some will indicate the seat brand and model for employees, every chair after a scientific health certificate, which shows them on the health of employees is very responsible .(three) a
21、nalysis of man machine environment system of office chairThe office chair is usually made of elastic material, covering the seat frame and fixing parts, and accessories (armor) (regulation, moving parts). To design a long time used in the office chair based on the theory of ergonomics, to take the s
22、eat to the user brings convenience and comfort, reduce the sedentary fatigue, improve work efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection materials and other factors. These are related to the users physiological feelings, psychological experience, health and safety, and affect their evaluati
23、on of the product and desire to buy. For chair design, needs to use to measure the physiology, psychology, mechanics, materials science, mechanical engineering and aesthetics, marketing and other related knowledge, so that the product design truly reflects on the natural environment, respect and car
24、e, is a combination of people and products, perfect and harmonious environment.Two, ergonomic design of office chairsThe comfort of office seats usually includes: elastic comfort, sitting comfort, mobile convenience, operating comfort and so on. Generally, elastic comfort can not be guaranteed only
25、by size parameters. The comfort of sitting posture, the convenience of movement and the comfort of operation can be guaranteed by the measurement of the structure and size parameters of the seat and the measurement of the sitting body size.(two) comfortable sitting posture and chair scaleThe chair o
26、f reasonable design can make different size people can obtain reasonable support in a variety of postures, as far as possible to maintain the spines natural bent, thereby reduce the back muscles and lumbar pressure, so people will not feel too tired to sit. Head and neck can not be too forward to av
27、oid cervical deformation; waist should have reasonable support, slow waist pressure and so on. The reasonable height of the seat surface can make the feet stand up and make the most convenient exertion. The usual error in measuring seat height is to measure the height of the seat from the ground. In
28、 fact, the most important factor in determining seat height is the need to consider the position and angle of the elbow on the work table. Therefore, the seat height should be determined according to the height of the working face.Chair armrest should have reasonable height, so that the elbow light,
29、 and make the wrist feel more comfortable movement. Hou Jianjun and Shen Liming believe that keeping the arm horizontally or downward is the best way to design an office desk. At the same time, through the VDT experimental operation, Wang Sheng and Li Li found forearm and horizontal surface into 0.
30、At the angle, the integral value of EMG is the smallest, and the muscle load is the least. The stability of the body can also be helped by hand, if you need arm support, you can put your arm on the table. The armrest seat armrest, height from the chair surface above the 200mm check is appropriate, s
31、hould be able to make the arms naturally hang down height,The hand is too high is the wrong design.The solution of these problems is closely related to the size of human body. Although the size of the human body varies greatly, the comfort level of the sitting posture of the human body is approximat
32、ely the same. This is the key point for us to carry out the product design. After calculation, the sitting posture of the human body can be characterized by a set of sitting joint angles, and the comfort range of the sitting joint angle.From lower body analysis, comfortable sitting position is close
33、 to the thigh level, and the feet are supported by the ground. In order to avoid the front of the thigh popliteal position has high pressure, leading to the ground or the pedal seat height should not exceed the soles of the feet to the popliteal distance. Considering the height of the working face,
34、the height of the chair may cause some feet to reach the ground, then the foot pad and other support should be used. Of course, the chair with the axis adjustable height is the best choice. The rotating shaft of the work chair can make the chair rotate to adapt to human height difference, posture ch
35、ange or movement. The swivel chair also increases the range of sitting can reach for, to sit easily close or leave the work object, without the need to move the chair. With the roller is also one of the most humanized design content of the work chair.The healthy office chair designed by Shi Zhenyu t
36、akes the structure into consideration so that the chair family can move freely and comfortably in the comfortable range of sitting posture and joint angle. In the back of a chair near the waist slightly to support lumbar lordosis, easy to keep back curve, reduce the waist and abdomen muscle burden;
37、an upper portion of the backrest position near the neck tilted back, easy to reduce the head blood supply system support cervical burden; try to keep the chair surface parallel to the thigh and arm posture, knee, elbow and hip as far as possible achieve the right angle.(two) seat body pressure distr
38、ibutionThe gravity of the human body in the back seat and the pressure distribution is called the body pressure distribution when a person sitting in a chair, his weight is not all in the hip, but concentrated in a small range of two pieces of ischium. Good design should make the weight of the body
39、bear the area around the tuberosity of the tuberosity of the sciatic nerve. The elastic seat can increase the contact surface between the chair and the human body, thus reducing the nonuniformity of the pressure distribution. But the elastic support of the chair has a degree of grasp of the problem,
40、 too soft seat surface is easy to cause the body is not easy to balance and stability. To do as much as possible, different weight people sit down, there is a chair in the slow deformation of the stability of the comfortable feeling.The angle of each seat surface also affects the pressure distributi
41、on data. Through the analysis of the experimental results indicated that the inclination angle of the backrest backrest for the contact area of the most significant influence on the average pressure, back seat pressure, the maximum average pressure gradient is maximum; the seat height is the main fa
42、ctor affecting a surface contact area, the maximum effect of sea surface maximum pressure gradient and average pressure; the seat backrest angle for maximum pressure maximum. From the analysis of variance results: there is significant difference between high seat surface pressure distribution of num
43、erical data, change the seat surface inclination and the inclination angle of the backrest significantly affect the back pressure distribution data.Reasonable seat seat should be high for the popliteal height value, the seat angle of 0. Backrest angle 20. It can not change the seat surface, elastic
44、material and seat surface shape of the case, can be achieved in the upper body seat pressure distribution data is changed by changing the seat seat height, seat surface inclination and the inclination angle of the backrest, so as to get a more comfortable seat. Different indexes of body pressure dis
45、tribution have different physical meanings, and they should be chosen according to the functional requirements of the seat when used.(three) synchronous tiltingThe ideal chair back should be adjusted in two directions: horizontal and vertical. Good design is the seat backrest with the action of the
46、spring, with the back of the human body and the corresponding movement in and out. Some seat backs can support human shoulders, with higher height and concave shape, which can support the whole back of a larger area. The elasticity of chair surface and back seat is called synchronous tilting. Now th
47、e general office chairs elasticity mainly relies on the gas spring, the air spring will make people sit up feeling perfect.The elastic support structure adopted by Shi Zhenyus chair is a new type of glass fiber material, which has less elastic memory than steel and basically has no fatigue problem.
48、In addition, the moisture is good, the elasticity coefficient is relatively stable, and the tolerance is better, without thermal expansion and cold contraction. Its rough and gentle surface is breathable and reduces the bodys slide. Its material pollution is relatively small, resource saving, cost i
49、s also suitable.(four) material factors affecting the performance of office chairsThe stuffy seat and the close part of the body is also a factor affecting the comfort of the seat. Especially in the summer, although most of the office air conditioning and other cooling measures, but this problem still exists. In addition to meeting certain elastic requirements and texture, the skin material of the seat has the main function to e