《社会心理学（social psychology）.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《社会心理学（social psychology）.doc（24页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、社会心理学（social psychology）Psychological counselor notesHe JingThe second chapter, social psychology knowledgeSection 1 OverviewThe second section socialization and selfThird social perception and attributionThe fourth section: social motivation and social emotionFifth attitudesSixth section communicat
2、ion and interpersonal relationshipSeventh section social influenceThe eighth section of love, marriage and familyPsychological counselors (basic knowledge) note includes basic psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology and abnormal psychology part.Section 1 OverviewUnit 1 research objec
3、ts and scopeThe definition of social psychology focusing on PsychologyF.H. Allport (F.H. Allport): the study of individual social behavior and social consciousness.G.W. Allport (G.W. Allport): social psychology attempts to understand and explain how individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are
4、influenced by other peoples reality, imagination and implicit existence.Social behavior:It is a reaction system caused by social factors and influences the society.Include：Individual acquisition behaviorProsocial behavior and antisocial behaviorInterpersonal cooperation and competitionGroup decision
5、 making behaviorLewin (K.Lewin) put forward a famous formula in 1936:B = f (P, E)The behavior function relates to the situation where the individual is situatedSocial psychology:It is the intermediary process between social stimulation and social behaviorIts caused by social factorsAnd the psycholog
6、ical activity that has guiding function to social behaviorA brief history of second unit social psychologyThe development of social psychology can be planned for:Speculative stage of PhilosophyEmpirical description phaseEmpirical analysis stageSpeculative stage of philosophy:The philosophical debate
7、 around human natureIt can be regarded as the earliest social psychology research.SocratesPlatoAristotleIt can not be proved by empirical method, but not by scientific formBut it has enlightening effect on the later social psychology.The research method of third unit social psychologyThe main princi
8、ples to be followed in social psychology research:The principle of value neutralityResearchers should adopt a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, and can not distort and conjecture the objective facts.For some anti social values and some values that cause psychological disorders, consul
9、tants should actively intervene and guide.Systematic principleSocial behavior and social psychological phenomenon exist in a system, and its causes and changes have reasons.Many principles in system theory, such as dynamic principle, holistic principle, ordered principle and feedback principle, prov
10、ide a theoretical perspective and analytical means for social psychology research.Ethical principlesThe study of social psychology often adopts some means to control the situation or the subjects. In view of this, the ethical code that researchers should follow is that:1. researchers should evaluate
11、 their moral acceptability in the development of research projects2. before the study, the researcher should explain the main part of the research plan and ask the subjects to agree. In the special case of deception shall be approved by the strict procedures, and afterwards to the subjects that seek
12、 to understand.3. in specific research, researchers must take measures to protect subjects.4. subjects had the freedom to quit research.5. the information provided by the subjects should be kept confidential, such as publication, subject to the consent of the subjects.6. no other relationship outsid
13、e the study should be established with the subjects.Fourth units: the main theoretical schools of social psychology(no test). Slightly)The second section socialization and selfSocialization of the first unitSocialization: the process of individual growth and development from natural person to social
14、 man. It is the process of individual interaction with others, accepting social influence, learning and mastering the social role, forming the process of adapting to the social environment of personality, social psychology, behavior style and life skills.Socialization involves two aspects: Society a
15、nd individual.Socialization of children and adolescents is early socialization.Socialization of adulthood is continuing socialization.Because of the rapid social change, the process of re socialization of individuals is called re socialization. Re socialization also includes the re education of indi
16、viduals who failed to acquire qualified social members in the process of early socialization and continuing socialization.For example, the reeducation through labor and labor reform system in China is a kind of re socialization mechanism.The basic conditions of socialization:1. human beings have a l
17、onger life attachment period2. the genetic quality of human beings provides the possibility of socialization.The carrier of individual socialization:FamilySchoolmass mediaReference groupSocialization of language:Individual socialization begins with the mastery of language, and all socialization is b
18、ased on the socialization of language.Socialization of gender roles:Sex (physiological concept)Gender (psychological concept)Gender roles (sociological concepts)Second unit social role and its theoryClassification of social roles:1., pre assigned roles and achievement roles (parents and teachers)2.
19、define roles and open roles (civil servants and friends)3. utilitarian roles and expressive roles (workers, peasants and civil servants)4. conscious roles and unconscious roles (actors and soccer hooligans)Role maladjustmentIn the process of role-playing, people often have contradictions, obstacles,
20、 and even encounter failure, which is the role imbalance.Role failureIts the most serious role disorder. The role undertaker has to quit the stage and give up the original role.Third unit, self, identity and self-esteemSelf is an ancient subject of psychology.The ego, also known as self consciousnes
21、s or self-concept, is the individuals cognition of the state of being. It includes cognition of physiological self state, psychological state, interpersonal relationship and social role.Lord me and guest me, this is Jamess concept of self.The former is the subject of cognition, and the latter is the
22、 object of cognition.Mirror me is the self concept reflected by the judgment of others.Meade believes that the whole society we belong to is a mirror that we see ourselves.Rodgers (humanism) holds that self concept plays a more important role than real self in individual behavior and personality, be
23、cause it is the system of individual self perception and the way to know oneself. It doesnt matter who you are. What matters is who you think you areThe function of self concept:Keep the internal consistency of the individualInterpretation experienceDeciding expectationsThe formation and development
24、 of self concept:Physiological self (8 months -3 years old)Social self (3 years old, -13, 14 years old)Psychological self (10 years or so)Self esteem is the result of self evaluation of individuals social role.The level of self-esteem is the sum of individual evaluations of each individual role.Ther
25、e are two aspects of self-esteem need:1. desire for achievements, strengths, and confidence2. desire for fame, dominance, admirationJamess formula: self-esteem = success / ambitionSome factors that affect self-esteem:Parent child relationship in 1. families2. feedback of behavior3., choose to partic
26、ipate and avoid weaknesses4. according to the principle of similarity to correct social comparisonThird social perception and attributionUnit 1 social perception(no test). Slightly)Second unit impression formation and impression managementThe effect of impression formation1. primacy effect and recen
27、cy effect.Primacy effect is the mechanism of first impression effect.Recency effect (recently acquired information) (relatives, friends)Primacy effect (initial information) (stranger)2. halo effectIs a kind of Overgeneralization phenomenon is occurred in the role of people are not aware of the situa
28、tion.3. stereotypePeople form a fixed view of a certain thing through their own experience.Positive nature: simplifying the process of social perceptionThe nature of negativity: prejudice, even discriminationThird unit attributionAttribution: refers to the individual according to the relevant inform
29、ation, clues to their own and other peoples behavior reasons for the process of speculation and judgment.Covariation principle: when people look for reasons, as scientists seek laws in scientific research, they try to find out the regular covariation of various conditions in which an effect occurs.K
30、elly believes that the principle of covariation is the most comprehensive attribution principle.Kellys attribution theory (three dimensional theory), individual need to consider three kinds of information in attribution:Specific informationCommon informationConsistency informationAttribution of spec
31、ific common consistencyHigh and high stimulus objectsLow and high behavioral subjectHigh-low backgroundFactors influencing attribution:1. social perspective. Actors and observers have different opinions about the causes of actors behavior.2. self value protection3. observation position4. time factor
32、. As time goes on, attribution will become more and more situational. People will interpret the past events as the causes of the background rather than the causes of the subject and the object of the stimulus.The fourth section: social motivation and social emotionUnit 1 social motivation overview(n
33、o test). Slightly)The main social motivation of the second unitAffinity motivation:Affinity is a psychological tendency for individuals to be afraid of loneliness, to hope to be with others, to establish collaborative and friendly ties.Its the lowest level of interpersonal attraction.Origin of affin
34、ity:Affinity originates from attachment.0-3 year old mother belt, to make children rely on, or can not make friends.The role of affinity:Meeting certain social needs of the individualGetting informationRelieve psychological pressureAvoid embarrassmentFactors affecting the affinity: situational facto
35、rs, emotional factors, birth orderAmbition level:The subjective estimation of the possible achievement goal of an individual before he or she does some practical work.A subjective desire to represent an individual.The level of ambition depends on the strength of achievement motivation.Ambition level
36、 is related to individuals past success or failure experience.Factors affecting achievement motivation:The attraction of 1. goals2. the subjective probability of risk and success or failure3. the chance for individuals to display their talentsAggressive motive:Aggression is the act of an individual
37、intentionally injuring others.Aggression is caused by aggressive motives.Aggression is constituted by injury behavior, aggression motive and social evaluationInfluencing factors of aggression:Emotional arousal levelLevel of moral developmentSelf control abilitySocial roles and groupsThe influence of
38、 mass mediaInfluential factors of altruistic behavior1. external factors:natural environmentSocial situation (bystander effect)Time pressureThe characteristics of altruistic objects2. the psychological characteristics of the altruistic:moodguiltpersonality3. altruistic skills: knowing how to help an
39、d altruism is also important.Third unit social emotionsJealousy: a complex emotional state of shame, anger, resentment, etc. that is found in others ability, reputation, status, or circumstances rather than others.The characteristics of jealousy:TargetedPersistenceConfrontationalUniversalityShame: (
40、shame)It is a painful emotional experience of an individual because of his own shortcomings in personality, ability, appearance, etc., or inconsistent with the social norm in thought and behavior.A healthy sense of shame is the natural result of individual psychological development, and is an import
41、ant way for people to adapt themselves to social life and improve themselves;Too much or too little shame is unhealthy, both of which are detrimental to individual development.Guilt: (guilt)A strong uneasiness, shame, and guilt emotional experience that individuals consider themselves responsible fo
42、r actual or imagined crimes or faults.Guilty people often have conscience and moral self blame, and try to make efforts to make up for their mistakes.A healthy sense of guilt is the alarm of the mind, the core of emotion of human conscience. It will remind us to take care of the interests and feelin
43、gs of others, and adjust the interpersonal relationship, which is conducive to individual adaptation to social life.Too little or too much guilt is unhealthy.Fifth attitudesUnit 1 attitude formationAttitude is the tendency of individuals to respond to the general evaluation and stability of specific
44、 objects.Characteristics of attitude:InternalityObjectivitystabilityComponents of attitude:Cognitive component (cognition)Emotional component (affection)Behavioral propensity component (behavior)The three component of attitude is called the ABC model of attitude.Generally speaking, the three compone
45、nts of attitude are consistent. When they are uncoordinated, emotional components often occupy the dominant position and determine the basic orientation and behavior tendency of attitude.Second unit attitude changeThe theory of attitude change F. Heiders equilibrium theoryThe relationship between P-
46、O is most important (interpersonal relationship)Sure: balance is strong balance, imbalance is strong imbalanceNegative: balance is weak equilibrium, imbalance is weak imbalanceThird unit attitude measurementAttitude:Its a psychological tendency in the body,It can not be measured directly at present,So attitude measurement generally uses indirect methods.Commonly used attitude measurement methods:Scale methodProjection methodBehavioral response measurementProjective test:The Thematic Apperception