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1、I. vocabularyabsorbance吸光度absorption 吸收acetic acid 乙酸acetone 丙酮acetonitrile 乙腈aliquot 等份（试液）aluminum foil 铝箔analytical chemistry 分析化学American Chemical Society (缩写ACS) 美国化学会aqueous 水的，含水的argon 氩（气）autosampler 自动进样器beaker 烧杯bibliography 参考书目blender 混合器，搅拌机buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管cartridge 柱管cen
2、trifugation 离心Chemical Abstracts (缩写CA) 化学文摘chemical analysis 化学分析chromatograph 色谱仪chromatogram色谱图 cloud point extraction（缩写CPE）浊点萃取confidence level 置信水平conical flask 锥形瓶daughter ion 子离子derivatization 衍生化，衍生（作用）dichloromethane 二氯甲烷Diode array detector （缩写DAD）二极管阵列检测器dilution 稀释（n.）disperser solvent
3、分散剂dispersive liquidliquid microextraction 分散液液微萃取distilled water 蒸馏水dropping pipet 滴管electrochemical analysis电化学分析electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electrospray ionization (缩写ESI ) 电喷雾离子化eliminate 消除（v.）eluate 洗出液eluent 洗脱剂elute 洗脱 (v.)elution 洗脱（n.）Encyclopedia of analytical
4、chemistry 分析化学百科全书The Engineering Index （缩写EI ） 工程索引enrichment factor 富集因子Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (缩写ELSD) 蒸发光散射检测器extract 萃取（v.）、萃取物 (n.)extraction efficiency 萃取效率filter 过滤（v.）、过滤器(n.)filtrate 滤出液filtration 过滤fluorescence荧光fluorometry荧光分析法formic acid 甲酸funnel 漏斗gas chromatographymass
5、spectrometry (缩写GCMS) 气相色谱-质谱gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry （缩写GCMS/MS）气相色谱-串联质谱gel filtration chromatography凝胶过滤色谱法gel permeation chromatography凝胶渗透色谱法graduated cylinder 量筒high performance liquid chromatography (缩写HPLC) 高效液相色谱homogenate 匀浆 (n.)homogenize 使均质，将打成匀浆hydrophobic
6、 疏水的identification 鉴定Impact Factor影响因子incubation time 温育时间Index to Scientific Technical Proceedings （缩写ISTP） 科技会议录索引indicator 指示剂instrumental analysis 仪器分析interference 干扰internal standard 内标ion enhancement 离子加强ion exchange chromatography离子交换色谱法ion source 离子源ion suppression 离子抑制limit of detection （缩写
7、LOD）检出限limit of quantitation (缩写LOQ)定量限linearity 线性linear range 线性范围linear regression equation 线性回归方程liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （缩写LC-MS/MS）液相色谱串联质谱liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry （缩写LC-ESI-MS/MS）液相色谱电喷雾串联质谱liquid-liquid partition chrom
8、atography 液液分配色谱法liquid-solid adsorption chromatography 液固吸附色谱法mass analyzer 质量分析器Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪mass spectrum 质谱图 mass-to-charge ratio 质荷比matrix effect 基质效应maximum absorption 最大吸收maximum value 最大值measuring pipet 吸量管methanol 甲醇micelle 胶束microwave assisted extraction 微波辅助提取minimum value 最小值mobi
9、le phase 流动相molar concentration摩尔浓度molarity 摩尔浓度mole 摩尔monograph专著Multiple-reaction monitoring 多反应监测(缩写MRM)negative ionization mode 负离子（化）模式nitrogen 氮（气）normal phase liquid chromatography正相液相色谱法nominal concentration 标示浓度optimization 优化outlier 离群值parent ion 母离子pipette 移液管 polycyclic aromatic hydrocar
10、bons 多环芳烃positive ionization mode 正离子(化)模式potentiometry电位法preconcentration 预浓缩precursor ion 前体离子（又称母离子）primary literature一次文献 product ion 产物离子（又称子离子）quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry 四极杆-飞行时间质谱（缩写Q-TOF MS）qualitative analysis 定性分析quality assurance and quality control （缩写QA/QC） 质量保证和质量控制qua
11、ntification 定量quantitative analysis 定量分析 reconstitute 重组、复溶（v.）recovery 回收率 refractive index detector 折光指数检测器，示差折光检测器relative abundance 相对丰度relative standard deviation （缩写RSD）相对标准偏差reproducibility 重现性reversed phase liquid chromatography（缩写RPLC）反相液相色谱法Royal Society of Chemistry（缩写RSC）英国皇家化学会Science C
12、itation Index （缩写SCI ） 科学引文索引Science Citation Index Expanded (缩写SCIE) 科学引文索引扩展版Scientific notation 科学计数法signal to noise ratio （缩写S/N）信噪比size exclusion chromatography尺寸排除色谱法secondary literature二次文献solid-phase extraction （缩写SPE） 固相萃取solid-phase microextraction （缩写SPME） 固相微萃取spike 添加（v.）standard soluti
13、on标准溶液stationary phase 固定相 stirring bar 搅拌棒stoichiometric point化学计量点surfactant 表面活性剂supernatant 上清液syringe 注射器tap water 自来水Teflon 聚四氟乙烯tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃titrant 滴定剂titration滴定trace analysis 痕量分析Ultra performance liquid chromatography (缩写UPLC) 超高效液相色谱Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry 紫外/可见分光光度法
14、vacuum 真空vessel 容器volumetric flask 容量瓶volumetric analysis容量分析法voltammetry 伏安法nanometer 纳米（nm） microgram 微克（mg） picogram 皮克（pg） milligram 毫克（mg） femtogram 飞克（fg） II. Terms and their definitionsAccuracy 准确度 A measure of the agreement between an experimental result and its expected value.Analysis 分析A p
15、rocess that provides chemical or physical information about the constituents in the sample or the sample itself Analyte 被测物，被分析物The constituent of interest in a sample Calibration curve 校准曲线 The result of a standardization showing graphically how a methods signal changes with respect to the amount o
16、f analyte.Calibration method 校准方法The basis of quantitative analysis: magnitude of measured property is proportional to concentration of analyteChromophore 生色团A functional group which absorbs a characteristic ultraviolet or visible wavelengthGradient elution 梯度洗脱 The process of changing the mobile ph
17、ases solvent strength to enhance the separation of both early and late eluting solutes.Gravimetric analysis 重量分析 A type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a species in a material is determined by converting the species into a product that can be isolated and weighed.Isocratic elution 等度
18、洗脱the use of a mobile phase whose composition remains constant throughout the separation.Matrix 基质All other constituents in a sample except for the analytesMethod blank 方法空白 A sample that contains all components of the matrix except the analyte.Outlier 离群值Data point whose value is much larger or sma
19、ller than the remaining data.Precision 精密度 An indication of the reproducibility of a measurement or resultQuantitative analysis 定量分析The determination of the amount of a substance or species present in a material.Quantitative transfer 定量转移 The process of moving a sample from one container to another
20、in a manner that ensures all material is transferred.Selectivity 选择性 A measure of a methods freedom from interferences as defined by the methods selectivity coefficient.Significant figures 有效数字The digits in a measured quantity, including all digits known exactly and one digit (the last) whose quanti
21、ty is uncertain.Spectrophotometry 分光光度法. An analytical method that involves how light interacts with a substanceStock solution 储备液 A solution of known concentration from which other solutions are prepared.Titration curve 滴定曲线 A graph showing the progress of a titration as a function of the volume of
22、 titrant added.Validation （方法）确证，验证 The process of verifying that a procedure yields acceptable results.Titration error 滴定误差The determinate error in a titration due to the difference between the end point and the equivalence point.Robust method 广泛适用的方法A method that can be applied to analytes in a wi
23、de variety of matricesRugged method 稳健的方法 A method that is insensitive to changes in experimental conditionsIII. Common knowledges1. Some key journals in Analytical Chemistry: Analytical Chemistry Trends in Analytical Chemistry Journal of Chromatography A Journal of Chromatography B Analyst Analytic
24、a Chimica Acta TALANTA Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry ELECTROPHORESIS2. Types of articles published in scientific journals: Full Length Research Papers Rapid Communications Reviews Short Communications Discussions or Letters to the Editor (Some journa
25、ls publish all types of articles, while others are devoted to only a single type.)3. The structure of a scientific paper: Title Authors (with affiliations and addresses) Abstract (summary) Key words Introduction Experimental Results and discussion Conclusion Acknowledgement References4. How to Read
26、a Scientific Paper: Five Helpful Questions 1) WHY did they do this set of experiments? 2) HOW were the experiments actually done? 3) WHAT are the results? 4) WHAT can be concluded from the results? 5) Did they do everything correctly?5. Five-step analyzing process 1) Identify and define the problem.
27、 2) Design the experimental procedure. 3) Conduct an experiment and gather data. 4) Analyze the experimental data. 5) Report and suggestion. IV. Translation exercises 1.As the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) （多环芳烃）existing in environmental water samples are very low, sample
28、extraction and preconcentration procedures are needed before analysis. Liquidliquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are traditional methods to extract analytes of interest from sample matrices. However, LLE not only needs a large amount of toxic organic solvent, but it is also time
29、-consuming and tedious. SPE uses less solvent than LLE, but is relatively expensive. Modern trends in analytical chemistry are toward the simplification and miniaturization of sample preparation, as well as the minimum use of organic solvent. In 2006, dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (DLLME)
30、was developed by Assadi and his co-workers. The consumption of organic solvent and extraction time are greatly reduced. However, the high density solvents used such as dichloromethane, chloroform and tetrachloromethane are all toxic. In 2008, a novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on
31、 the solidification of a floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO) was introduced by Leong and Huang. The extraction solvent used in this technique is of low density and low toxicity, a typical example being 2-dodecanol (2-DD-OH). The extract, which forms a layer on the top of aqueous sample, can be coll
32、ected by solidifying it at low temperature. The DLLME-SFO method demonstrates the merits of being simple, accurate, precise and environmental-benign. It has been successfully used for extraction and preconcentration of many trace substances from water samples. 2. A stock solution containing 10 mg/L
33、of each analyte was prepared by dissolving them in methanol. This was stored in the refrigerator at 4 C until use. Water samples were prepared by spiking ultrapure water with analytes at known concentrations (25mg/L) to study extraction performance and optimize the extraction conditions. Quantificat
34、ion of the analytes was done by external calibration, for which a series of standard solution was prepared by diluting the stock solution and analyzing with GCMS to obtain linear calibration plots for each analyte based on the chromatographic peak areas. Genuine rainwater samples were collected from
35、 three locations on the campus using precleaned glass bottles. The bottles were covered with aluminum foil to prevent exposure to light. All collected rainwater samples were transported to the laboratory immediately, and stored in the refrigerator at 4C. The rainwater samples were extracted and anal
36、yzed without any prior treatment or filtration to avoid loss of PAH. 3. Sample analysis was performed on an UPLC-MS/MS system. An Acquity UPLC system (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) was composed of an autosampler (set at 4 C), a column oven (set at 45 C) and a binary solvent delivery manager.
37、 A tandem mass spectrometry was used for detection. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (2.150mm i.d., 1.7mm, Waters, Wexford, Ireland) preceded by a BEH C18 VanGuard pre-column (2.1 5mm i.d., 1.7 m m, Waters, Wexford, Ireland). An isocratic elution lasting 1.2
38、min was obtained; the mobile phase contained 40% methanol and 60% 0.1% formic acid in water and was pumped at 0.35mL/min. A typical injection volume was 10 mL. The detection system, a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waters Quattro Premier XE, Micromass MS Technologies, Manchester, UK), was oper
39、ated in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+ )mode. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was selected for quantification of saxagliptin (沙格列汀，一种治疗糖尿病的药) and IS, for which the precursors to product ions transitions were as follows: saxagliptin, 316.1179.9; IS, 408234.9. Cone voltage and collision energy were respectively 30 and 18 V for both compounds. Ultra-high pure nitrogen and argon were used as desolvation gas (700 L/h) and collision gas (0.21mL/min), respectively. Masslynx 4.1 software was used to collect and process data.