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1、中考首字母填空课堂讲义首字母填空是考察学生包括语法知识、词汇运用、上下文理解以及主旨把握在内的综合能力，对大部分学生来说，这也是出错率最高的一道题目。中考首字母填空共考查7个题目，每空2分，考查各种词性的单词。要求所填单词在意义和语法上都要正确，即写对单词，也要写对单词的形式。请同学们一定要重视动词的时态和语态，名词的单复数形式和代词不同的格。首字母填空解题思路和技巧：l 第一步：通读全文，初步理解大意。l 第二步：词性分析（一）概述：考查实词（动词、名词、形容词和副词）为主，虚词（连词和介词）为辅。所考单词为教育考试院词汇手册范围内，不会超纲，也无侮辱性词汇。（二）词性判断方法：1、句子缺动
2、词：每个句子（包括从句及并列句）都应该有且仅有一个动词。 Hobbies can r_ pressure. （reduce）2、句子缺形容词：一般出现在系动词后或者名词（代词）前。 Using iPads is especially h_ to students who are learning a language at different paces. （helpful）3、句子缺名词/代词：动词前（主语）及动词后介词后（宾语）位置。 Twice a year parents are invited to have at_ of the food. （taste） They make pr
3、omises to t_ to make changes in their lives over the coming year, such as to lose weight, to stop smoking, to get a new job. (themselves)4、句子缺副词：句子主要成分完整，且语义上修饰动词/形容词。一般出现在句首，句尾或者是句中实义动词前/助动词后。 Many students bring food from home, u_ sandwiches. （usually）5、句子缺介词：一般出现在名词前或者是动词后。 I realized Ive seen th
4、e world in a different light t_ my darlings eyes. （through）6、句子缺连词：句子中出现了两个谓语动词。 People can download a 1 GB movie within 6 minutes in South Korea, b_ in China it would take half an hour. （but）练习时间：判断下面空格缺单词的词性。 It was 3:21 a.m. when ten-year-old Glenn Creamer was woken up by the smell of burning. Ex
5、cept for the cracking(爆裂声) of flames somewhere below, there was not a sound in the two-floor house. But he 1. _ at once what was happening. 2. _ his father was away on night duty at a local factory, Glenn was worried about the safety of his other, his 14-year-old sister Karen and his 12-year-old bro
6、ther Todd. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped them 3. _ the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, couldnt move any more.The ten-year-old raced back into the
7、house and upstairs into his mothers room. He found it 4. _ to wake her up and there was nobody to help Glenn carry her to the garden. But the boy kept calm. As a fireman said later, “He acted with all the self-control of a trained adult.”On the bedroom telephone, luckily still working, Glenn called
8、5. _ father. After Glenn made sure his father would telephone the firemen and ambulance service, he got on with the task 6. _ saving his mother.First he filled 7. _ bucket with water from the bathroom and threw water over his mother and her bed. In this way, she would be kept away from the fire befo
9、re the firemen arrived. Then, with a wet cloth around his head he went back to the garden.He could hear the fire engine coming up, but how would the firemen find his mother 8. _ the smoke-filled house where fire had almost covered the ground floor?Fetching a ball of string(绳) from the garage, Glenn
10、raced back into the house 9. _ rushed upstairs to his mothers room. He tied one end of the string to her hand. Then he began to run back. He laid out the string as he went through the hall and back out into the garden.Minutes later he was telling fire Chief John Coughlan, “The string will lead 10. _
11、 to mother/can help you find mother.” Mrs. Creamer was carried to safety as the flames were breaking through her bedroom floor.注意：学生只需要判断出词性即可：1. v. realized2. conj. As3. prep. through4. adj. impossible5. pron. his6. prep. of7. article a8. perp. in9. conj. and10. pron. youl 第三步： 词意判断（一）概述：根据上下文逻辑（包括
12、句内逻辑、句间逻辑以及篇章逻辑）、重点词汇来判断词意。常见逻辑关系词 - 句间逻辑：类型常考逻辑关系词对立关系让步：although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of “虽然，尽管，即使，即便，不管”转折：but, however, yet, while，instead of, not. but“然而，但是”并列递进 并列：and, and also, or, similarly, as well as, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, the sameas; on one h
13、andon the other hand, for one thingfor another, oneanother, someothersstill others “和或也, 一方面另一方面”递进：also, then, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, whats more “还，甚至，并且，另外” 因果因为：because, for, since, as, due to, thanks to, because of, now that, for this reason “因为，由于”所以：thus, therefore, so, s
14、o.that, such.that, as a result “所以” 条件if, unless, as long as “如果，除非，只要，要是” 举例such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them) “例如，比如” 时间when，whenever，before，after，since，as，while，untiltill，as soon as，at the same time，every time，by the time 目的in order that, so th
15、at，so as to，in order to “为了，以便，以致于”类型常考逻辑关系词 对立让步：although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of “虽然，尽管，即使，即便，不管”转折：but, however, yet, while，instead of, not. but“然而，但是” 并列 递进 并列：and, and also, or, similarly, as well as, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, the sameas; on one handon
16、the other hand, for one thingfor another, oneanother, someothersstill others “和或也, 一方面另一方面”递进：also, then, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, whats more “还，甚至，并且，另外” 总分such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them) “例如，比如”l 第四步：验证语法。1、名词的形式（复数，所有格） A
17、nd that day I thought a lot about making some c_ in my life, as I listened to her innocent（天真的）words that cut me like a knife. （changes）But as the nation pays more attention to c_ health, healthier foods have started t find their way onto school menus. (childrens)2、动词的形式（时态和语态即三单、过去时、现在分词、过去分词） It u
18、sually f_ with a response of “Im good, and you?” or “Im well, and you?” (follows) My daughter c_ her “conversation”, as I sat down on the floor.（continued）3、形容词/副词的形式（原级、比较级、最高级） If a student spends more time watching videos on an iPad, he will have f_ opportunities to have face-to-face communicatio
19、n with others. （fewer） 4、代词的形式（格、单复数、反身代词） The wind coming from the fan will blow away the empty boxes and leave the other o_ with soap. （ones）课堂练习Passage 1 （17年宝山一模） At times we all get angry when we are driving. It might be because we are stuck in a traffic jam or stuck behind a very s 81 driver.
20、It might be because we think another driver has done something very stupid and dangerous. Whatever the reason, it seems that getting angry in a car is something which happens more and more often and there is now a special term f 82 it: road rage(路怒症). Some experts even think that road rage is a kind
21、 of mental illness! How can we recognize this illness of road rage? There are two kinds of road rage: aggressive (攻击性的) driving and aggressive reactions to the way other people are driving. Aggressive driving can take different f 83 : Driving much faster than the speed limit.lIncreasing your speed v
22、ery quickly.lDriving very close behind the car in front and sounding the horn (喇叭) or flashing the headlights.lChanging lanes very suddenly and b 84 another car.lMoving into a parking space where another car is trying to park.There are also different reactions to the way other people are driving. Th
23、ese include:lMaking rude signs at people.lShouting at people and threatening them.lDeliberately (蓄意地) driving into another persons car.lHitting somebody.lUsing a weapon such as a baseball bat, or even a gun or a knife. Road rage is c 85 not a joke. There have been incidents (事件) of road rage which h
24、ave led to serious injuries and even murder. Experts think that one reason for road rage as that films show a lot of examples of fast and aggressive driving such as car chases where this kind of driving seems to be positive. Experts also think that the punishments for dangerous driving are not serio
25、us e 86 . Experience shows that driving problems can be controlled, but it takes a long time. In the UK in the last 30 years, the police have been quite successful in r 87 the number of people who drink and drive. They are now working to stop people using mobile phones when they are driving. Lets ho
26、pe they can have the same success with road rage.81 slow 82 for 83 forms 84 blocking85 certainly 86 enough 87 reducingl Intensive Reading and Translation from English to Chinese:1. It might be because we think another driver has done something very stupid and dangerous.Translation: 可能是因为我们认为另一个司机做了什
27、么愚蠢或者危险的事情。Language points:（上课拓展讲）表语从句；More examples:（Translation from English to Chinese）（每个语言点至少两个例句）1. My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. _2. The question is whether the film is worth seeing. _3. What I want to know is which road we should take. _2. Whatever the reason
28、, it seems that getting angry in a car is something which happens more and more often and there is now a special term f 82 it: road rage(路怒症).Translation: 无论原因是什么，开车生气看起来是一些越来越频繁发生的事情，并且现在有个特别的术语去表达它：路怒症。Language points:（上课拓展讲）动名词做主语；定语从句；More examples:（Translation from English to Chinese）1. Collect
29、ing information about childrens health is his job. _2. Fighting broke out between the South and the North._3. Have you got anything that belongs to me?_4. They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them._3. There are two kinds of road rage: aggressive (攻击性的) driving and aggressiv
30、e reactions to the way other people are driving.Translation: 有两种类型的路怒症：攻击性的驾驶和对其他人开车作出的攻击性的反应。Language points:（上课拓展讲）way的定语从句；reaction to对的反应1. I was impressed by the way in which she did it._2. She was pleased with the way in which he had accepted her criticism._3. Your reaction to things is sort o
31、f a habit and a part of your personality._4. Peoples reaction to the film has varied greatly._l Word list:stickv. 粘贴a traffic jam交通堵塞mental illness精神疾病a special term特殊的术语recognizevt. 辨认出reactionn. 反应flashv. 使闪光；change lanes改变车道a parking place停车位includevt. 包含，包括；threatenvt. 威胁weaponn. 武器murderv. / n.
32、 谋杀chasev. / n. 追赶；punishmentn. 惩罚；the number of 的数目l Summary:This passage introduces a new term “road rage” and its different forms. We are likely to be angry when we think another driver has done something very stupid and dangerous. Road rage can lead to serious accidents. People agree that drivin
33、g problems can be controlled, but it takes a long time.l Reflective thinking:_Passage 2 （17年杨浦一模）Teens and moneySo, you cant afford to go out with your friends, and you cant borrow any money from your parents. You need to get a job and earn some money! Dont worry, there are many jobs you can find an
34、d create. Here are some ideas.A looking after petsWhen your neighbors go on holidays, you can take care of their cat or dog or whatever pet they have. You give the animals food and exercise. Also, many people work long hours and they will pay you to visit their pets during the day and take them for
35、a walk.B Helping with studiesSome teens say they earn between five and twenty euros an hour tutoring. Are you good at subject, for example, Math or English? Then you can earn money by helping others understand it too.C Outdoor jobsDo you hate working inside? Dont worry-find out if there is a job in
36、a park near your house. Often parks employ young people to collect litter or help with cutting the grass and looking after plants. You can cut the grass or clear the snow for your neighbors, too.D Department storesWorking in a shop can be fun-and you can save money too. Some shops often give employe
37、es 20-30 percent discount on cloths and other things, so when you buy things from the shop its cheaper for you.E Getting experienceThink about volunteering, too. Volunteers dont earn any money, but volunteering can help you get a job later. Think of a skill you want to learn or a business that inter
38、est you, then find an organization that offers the opportunities. You will get great experience doing a job there. For example, you can volunteer at a hospital. Theres a good idea for students who want to be medical workers. Do you like working with children? Why not volunteer to help at a local school? Its up to you to find a place that will help you learn.81.Also 82.subject 83.Outdoor 84.save 85.cheaper 86.organization 87.medical l Intensive Read