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1、职称英语B级精解 The FamilyThe structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The familys form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family, consisting of a married co
2、uple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is
3、possible for the family to do so. In North America, the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies, such as North America, and of families in societies such as that of th
4、e Inuits, who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions, mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.The nuclear family was not always t
5、he North American standard. In a more agrarian time, the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents, mother and father, brothers and sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins. In North America today, there is a dramatic rise in the number of si
6、ngle-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced, separated, or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family, not just in North America, but throughout the world, continues to change as it adapts to changing c
7、onditions.词汇：Nuclear adj原子核的，中心的 harsh adj严酷的Emergency n 紧急状况 agrarian adj. 土地的，耕地的注释：1It must be prepared to fend for itself.它必须能够照料自己。2. In North America, the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活；他们一般住在退休社区和养老机构。3In harsh
8、 conditions，mobility allows the family to hurt for food.：在恶劣的条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。练习：1. Another good title for this passage would be_A) What Makes a Family?B) The Life of the Inuits.C) Living with Hardship.D) The Failure of the Nuclear Family.2. A nuclear family is defined as_A) a married couple with th
9、eir minor childrenB) a single father with minor childrenC) parents, grandparents, and childrenD) parents, children, and aunts and uncles3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in_A) an anthropology textbookB) a biology textbookC) a mathematics textbookD) a geography textbook4.
10、The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _A) listing statisticsB) telling a storyC) pointing out similaritiesD) pointing out differences5. The word mobility means_A) moneyB) readiness to moveC) organizationD) skill答案与题解：1A 本题问的是：这篇文章的题目还可以是什么?A的意思是是什么构成了一个家。B的意，思是因纽特人的生活。C的
11、意思是生活得很艰难.D的意思是核心家庭的失败之处。根据文意，本文主要介绍了与家庭相关的信息。B不是主要内容.C未提到.D未提到。因此A是正确的答案。2。A 本题问的是：核心家庭的定义是什么？根据第一段的第三句话：Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family, consisting of a married couple with their minor children可知A是正确的答案。3A 本题问的是：这篇文章最有可能出自哪里?A的意思是人类学课本。B的意思是生物课本。C的意思是数学
12、课本。 D的意思是地理课本。本文主要介绍了家庭，因此最有可能是人类学课本。所以A是正确的答案。4C 本题问的是：第一段的信息主要以何种方式陈述的？根据第一段的陈述方式，并没有列出数据或者讲故事，而是通过描述共性而阐述出核心家庭的概念。因此C是正确的答案。5B 本题问的是：mobility的词意。 Mobility是mobile的名词形式。根据文中第二段，核心家庭能够生存下去最重要的是能够有流动性，而钱、组织或是技能都不是能够使一个家庭吃饱饭的必要条件。因此B是正确的答案。家庭在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化的社会和经济影响而改变。直到最近，北美洲
13、最普遍的家庭形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们未婚的孩子构成。核心家庭是一个独立的单位。它必须能够照料自己。家庭成员紧密依赖着彼此。在紧急情况下，外界提供给家庭的帮助微乎其微。核心家庭中，只有当条件允许的时候，才会照料家中年长的亲属。在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他们一般住在退休社区和养老机构。在工业社会，例如北美洲，核心家庭之间有很多相似点。在居住在恶劣环境中的因纽特人的社会中，家庭间也有很多相似点。核心家庭结构良好地适应于流动性的生活。在恶劣的条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。对北美洲人来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要流动性。核心家庭并不总是北美洲人的标准。在农业社会时期，小型的核心家
14、庭经常是大家庭的一部分。其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。在现在的北*美洲，单亲家庭的数目大幅度增加。由核心家庭构成的单亲家庭的数目是美国由于离婚、分居或者未婚导致的单亲家庭的两倍。不仅在北美洲，在世界范围内，家庭结构都会，随着不断变化的条件而改变。B级押题 Tales of the Terrible Past It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling m
15、anner, storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with t
16、he legacy of slavery in her book Beloved. The main character in this novel, a former slave called Sethe, lives in Ohio in they ears following the Civil War, but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories. Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences, the reader learns how and why
17、Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on; the fate of her husband, who also tried to escape: and finally, what happened to the child called Beloved. Morrisons scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.Charles Jo
18、hnsons Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different, yet no less violent, vantage point. His main character, Rutherford Calhoun, is a neer-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its “cargo”. Put to work after he is discovered, Calhoun witnesses f
19、irsthand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported. When they finally rebel and take over the ship, he finds himself in the middle and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read, but both exemplif
20、y African American writers attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modern audience.词汇：Interpret v解释，翻译 desperation n 绝望的境地Recount v. 叙述 capture v俘获Slavery n奴隶制度注释：1. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner, storytellers can bring earlier eras to life an
21、d force readers to consider them seriously然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家可以将早期时代重现，并引起读者的重视。2. His main character, Rutherford Calhoun, is a neer-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its“cargo” 他的主人公叫做Rutherford Calhoun，是一个游手好闲，身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。练
22、习：1. This passage is mostly about_A) the causes of slavery in AmericaB) black writers in the late 20th centuryC) why Morrison and Johnson wrote the books they didD) two novels that deal with slavery2. Beloved is set_A) on a slave shipB) on a plantation before the Civil WarC) in Ohio after the Civil
23、WarD) in an African town3. The writer seems to feel that _ .A) everyone should read Morrisons and Johnsons novelsB) the books are worthwhile but challengingC) black writers should ignore racial issuesD) we will repeat the past if we dont learn about it4. The writer emphasizes that the two books are
24、similar in their_A) use of flashbacksB) treatment of womenC) criticism of whitesD) portrayal of violence5- The word appalling means_A) terribleB) surprisingC) guiltyD) unrealistic答案与题解：1D 本题问的是：这篇文章主要讲什么？A的意思是美国奴隶制的原因。B的意思是20世纪的黑人作家。C的意思是莫里森和约翰逊写书的原因。D的意思是关于奴隶制的两本小说。本文主要介绍了莫里森和约翰逊各自关于奴隶制的小说的主要内容，因此D
25、是正确的答案。2C 本提问的是：“宠儿”的设置背景是什么？根据第二段的第二句话：a former slave called Sethe，lives，in Ohio in the years following the Civil War可知其背景是在内战之后的俄亥俄州。因此C是正确的答案。3B 本题问的是：作者的感觉是什么?A的意思是每个人都应该读莫里森和约翰逊的小说。B的意思是这些作品非常值得写但又很有挑战性。C的意思是黑人作家应当忽略种族问题。D的意思是如果我们没有学习过去，那么这些过去会重现。A，C，D原文没有体现，因此B是正确的答案。4D 本题问的是：作者强调两部作品的共同之处是什么？
26、根据第三段的第一句话：yet no less violent可知两部作品都有对暴力的描写。因此D是正确的答案5A 本题问的是：appalling的意思是什么？根据第三段对运送非洲人去美国的描述可知，此状况必然是不好的，糟糕的。A的意思是糟糕的。B的意思是令人惊讶的。C的意思是有罪的。D的意思是不现实的。因此根据文意，A是正确的答案。讲述可怕的过去分析和诠释历史并不是小说家的工作。然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家可以重现早期时代，并引起读者的重视。在叙述历史的作家中，有一些黑人作家试图从不同的角度审视奴隶制。诺贝尔奖获得者托妮莫里森在她的作品宠儿中专门阐述了奴隶制问题。小说的主人公
27、叫塞丝，她以前是个奴隶，内战之后住在俄亥俄，但是她无法让自己从可怕的记忆中解脱出来。通过一系列的倒序和痛苦的回忆，读者了解到赛丝为什么以及怎样逃出她赖以生存的种植园，她那同样试图逃出来的丈夫的命运，以及最后发生在叫做宠儿的孩子身上的事情。莫里森对奴隶受折磨和遭谋杀的场景描写得很生动，充分地表达出奴隶们的绝望以及奴隶主的残酷。查尔斯。约翰逊的小说中途从另一个不同的角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。他的主人公叫做卢瑟福。卡尔霍恩，是一个游手好闲、身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。被发现后，他开始为之工作，并亲眼目睹了非洲人被抓起来，然后被运送到美国这种可怕的状况。当非洲人最终抵抗并占有了船只后，他发现了自己的中间性并且被迫与他自己的身份和价值观念妥协。不论是宠儿还是中途读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作。