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1、WEEK 9Intonation and English Prosodic Structure,Elisabeth Norcliffe Ling 110 24 May 2005,Overview,Prosody and prosodic structure The phonetic side The phonological side Intonation Functions Characterizing intonation: ToBI ToBI and English prosodic structure Post-Nuclear domain: a test case,The supra
2、segmental properties of speech,Phonetically, speech cannot be characterized just by sequences of phonemes, syllables and words. There are additional properties of speech: pitch, duration, stress. These are the suprasegmental properties of speech.,Prosody,Prosody: The suprasegmental information of na
3、tural speech,Aspects of Prosody,I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday.,Prosodic structure,I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday,Mary p 0.01) (3a) w o n over their enemies. The particle rime was significantly longer in the Verb-Particle reading. (mean difference 25ms; p 0.01
4、) (3b) won o v e r their enemies.,Accents in the post-nuclear stretch,However, despite the presence of the nuclear accent (e.g. on Vikings), some of our data contained secondary pitch accents in the post nuclear stretch (c. 27% of the sample). Why? Partially due to reader disfluencies (especially pa
5、using) Otherwise as yet unaccounted for factors (which in themselves are theoretically significant and deserve further study) Immediate significance for our study: results may have been influenced by pitch accent placement,Results (reduced sample size),We removed all accented examples, and also any
6、non-accented examples whose pair was accented (i.e., an overly conservative approach, to test the strength of our previous results) With the accented material removed, the same trends were nevertheless observed: The verb rime remained longer in the Verb-Preposition reading. (mean difference 21ms; p=
7、0.07) The particle rime remained longer in the Verb-Particle reading. (mean difference 20ms; p=0.17),Summary,We do observe phrase final lengthening in the post-nuclear domain This was supported by another pilot using a similar but different syntactic ambiguity. This argues that the post-nuclear doma
8、in is divided into more than one prosodic phrase the second prosodic phrase doesnt bear any pitch accent.,What this means,Defining levels of prosodic structure only by the presence of pitch accents is not always sufficient. Even where there are no pitch accents, other prosodic cues such as duration
9、can signal prosodic constituency,References,Beaver, D., Clark, B., Flemming, E., Jaeger, T. F. and Wolters, M. When Semantics Meets Phonetics. Acoustical Studies of Second Occurrence Focus. Under submission. Beckman, M. E., Hirschberg, J., & Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. (2005). The original ToBI system and
10、 the evolution of the ToBI framework. In S.-A. Jun (ed.) Prosodic Typology - The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Beckman, M. E. (1996). The parsing of prosody. Language and Cognitive Processes, 11, 17-67. Beckman, M. E., & Pierrehumbert, J. B (1986). Intonational structure in Japanese and Engl
11、ish. Phonology Yearbook, 3, 255-309. Gussenhoven, C. & Rietveld, A.C.M. (1992). Intonation contours, prosodic structure, and preboundary lenghthening. Journal of Phonetics 20, 283-303. Jaeger, T. Florian & Norcliffe, E. (2005). Accent-free prosodic phrases? Accents and phrasing in the post-nuclear d
12、omain, LSA, 79th Annual Meeting, Oakland,References (cont.),Price, P. J., Ostendorf, S., Shattuck-Huffnagel, S., & Fong, C. (1991). The use of prosody in syntactic disambiguation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 9, 29562970. K.Silverman, Beckman, M., Pitrelli, J., Ostendorf, M., Wightm
13、an, C., Price, P., Pierrehumbert, J., and Hirschberg, J. ToBI: a standard for labelling English prosody. in Proceedings of ICSLP 92, 1992, vol.2, pp. 867-870. Steinhauer, K. & Friederici, A.D. (2001). Prosodic boundaries, comma rules, and brain responses: The Closure Positive Shift in ERPs as a universal marker for prosodic phrasing in listeners and readers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 30 (3) 267-295. Wagner, M. (2004). Asymmetries in Prosodic Domain Formation. To appear in: N. Richards and M. McGinnis (eds.): Proceedings of the Phase-Workshop at MIT in January 2003. 36pp.,