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1、,Using Synchrotron Based in situ X-ray Techniques and Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries,X. Q. Yang, K. W. Nam, X.J. Wang, Y.N. Zhou, H. S. Lee, O. Haas, L. Wu, and Y. ZhuBrookhaven National Lab. Upton, NY11973, USAK. Y. Chung and B. W. Cho Battery Re
2、search Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-650, Korea Hong Li, Xuejie Huang and Liquan Chen Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China To be presented at the 4th Southern China Li-ion Battery Top Forum CLTF2009 Shenzhen, China, May 25th, 2009,2,3,4,5,6
3、,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,US DOE Energy StorageR&D Program Structure,Develop full battery systems with industry. (Minimum 50% industry cost share),Investigate cell behavior to understand and overcome performance barriers of Li-ion battery technology. (DOE National Laboratories),Develop novel mater
4、ials (cathode, anode, electrolyte) that promise increased power and energy. (DOE National Labs and Universities),Focused Fundamental Research,Applied Research,Battery Development (USABC),Funded by Basic Energy Sciences,Funded by Vehicle Technologies Program,Funded by Office of Electricity Delivery a
5、nd Energy Reliability,17,18,Hybrid & Electric Systems Appropriation: $94.1M total,Energy Storage Budget $48.2M total,Vehicle Technologies Program, FY 2008,Conventional HEV Battery R&D $18.3M,Exploratory Technology Research $11.6M,PHEV Battery R&D $18.35M,Vehicle & System Simulation & Testing $28.2M,
6、Power Electronics & Electric Mach. $15.5M,Energy Storage $48.2M,19,Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT): Develop the Next Generation of Lithium Batteries,Activity Focus Develop novel materials (cathodes, anodes, electrolytes) Develop and apply advanced electrochemical models Emp
7、loy advanced diagnostic tools to investigate failure mechanisms Coordinate research effort with the DOE Office of Science,Current Participants National Laboratories Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory O
8、ak Ridge National laboratory Universities Brigham Young University Clemson University Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology State University of New York, Binghamton State University of New York, Stony Brook University of California, Berkeley University of Michigan University of P
9、ittsburgh University of Texas University of Utah,Focused Fundamental Research,See http:/batt.lbl.gov/,20,Battery State of Charge (SOC),HEV,PHEV,EV,(Fully Charged),(Fully Discharged),CS only: 300-500 Wh, 25-40 kW (10 sec) 55% SOC, 300,000 cycles,CS: 300-500 Wh, 25-40 kW (10 sec) 30% SOC, 300,000 cycl
10、es,CD: Energy scaled for range (10-40 miles), 5,000 deep discharge cycles,CD only: Energy scaled for 150+ mile range, 1,000 deep discharge cycles,Battery Requirements,Uncharged Capacity,1-2 kWh, P/E 15,5-15 kWh, P/E = 3-10,40 kWh, P/E = 2,0,20,40,60,80,100,Battery Size (kWh),Charge Depleting (CD),Ch
11、arge Sustaining (CS),Unused Energy,Battery Size (kWh),Key challenges for PHEV battery dual modes of operation (CD and CS) are durability and cost.,21,Development Goals,Technologies Being Considered Nickelate chemistry based on NCA material Spinel chemistry based on LiMn2O4 Iron phosphate chemistry b
12、ased on LiFePO4 Titanate chemistry based on Li4Ti5O12,22,Applied Research,Activity Focus Investigate cell behavior Understand, extend, and accurately predict Li-ion battery life Screen and develop low-cost cell materials Understand and improve abuse tolerance Understand and improve low-temperature p
13、erformance,Overcome the Commercialization Barriers for Li-ion Batteries,Current Participants National Laboratories Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory Idaho National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory Sandia National Laborator
14、ies Universities Illinois Institute of Technology University of Illinois University of Wisconsin Industrial material suppliers 39 different material suppliers,23,Battery Development,United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) Activity,Develop full battery systems through competitive subcontrac
15、ts with the USABC. All subcontracts are at least 50% cost-shared. Develop performance requirements and standardized test procedures. Test deliverables and analyze against performance targets using standardized test procedures. Performance testing at Argonne and Idaho National Laboratories Abuse test
16、ing at Sandia National Laboratories Thermal analysis and design support at National Renewable Energy Laboratory Battery simulation and modeling support at Argonne and National Renewable Energy Laboratories,24,Commercialized,1,Phase 1: Materials Development,Phase 2: Cell Development,Phase 3: Battery
17、Development,Phase 4: Cost Reduction,Intermediate term,Long-term, exploratory,Near market-ready,7,6,5,4,3,2,Commercialization,NiMH Low cost separators Ultracapacitors Graphite/Nickelate,5.Graphite/Mn spinel 6.Graphite/Iron phosphate 7.Li titanate/Mn spinel,Cost Goal,Performance Goal,$20/kW (by 2010),
18、25 kW for 10 sec, 300Wh (by 2010) 40 kW for 10 sec, 500Wh (by 2010),HEV Technology Development Roadmap,25,HEV Battery Development Contracts,26,Development Goals,27,PHEV Battery Status,Near-term: Existing technologies that work well for HEVs will be re-engineered for PHEV10. First generation design w
19、ill be used as the baseline. Even for materials that have adequate capacity and energy, an alternative cell format could help reduce weight and volume. One or two technologies will be down-selected for further improvement. Long-term: Technologies will include high capacity materials and electrolytes
20、 stable at 5 Volts. Need to increase cell energy densities by 50% to 100% to meet system weight and volume for PHEV40.,28,PHEV Battery Status,Durability - Unclear how the two modes of operation (i.e., deep discharges and shallow discharges) will affect battery life. Diagnostic investigations to dete
21、rmine failure mechanisms and methods to mitigate them. Protect the electrode/electrolyte interface using coatings and additives that form stable surface films. Develop new electrodes and electrolytes that have inherent stability. Cost - Estimated to exceed $1,000 per kWh. Needs to be reduced by a fa
22、ctor of 2-3. Develop higher-energy chemistries to reduce $/kWh.,29,Commercialized,Phase 1: Materials Development,Phase 2: Cell Development,Phase 3: Battery Development,Phase 4: Cost Reduction,Intermediate term,Long-term, exploratory,Near market-ready,4,3,7,6,Commercialization,Graphite/Nickelate Grap
23、hite/Iron Phosphate Graphite/Mn Spinel Li-titanate/High Voltage Nickelate,Li alloy/High Voltage Positive Li/Sulfur Li Metal/Li-ion Polymer,5,Goals,$500/kWh (by 2012) $300/kWh (by 2015),1,2,100 Wh/kg (by 2012) 150 Wh/kg (by 2015),Specific Energy:,Cost:,PHEV Technology Development Roadmap,Current HEV
24、chemistries,Acknowledgements,U. S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Program Office of Vehicle Technology,Collaborators in battery research using in situ XRD technique - Clare Grey (SUNY Stony Brook): LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 - M. S. Whittingham (SUNY Binghamton): LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2 - K. Zaghib (Hydro Quebec): LiFePO4 and LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 - M. M. Thackeray (ANL): xLi2MO3(1-x)LiyMO2 Manthiram (UT Austin): multi-doped spinel materials Kyung-Yoon Chung (KIST, Korea): Carbon coated LiFePO4 S.D, Choi (LG Chemical Corp., Korea) Mixed cathode,