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1、专题08 非谓语动词之分词（二）分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语是逻辑上的主谓关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且含有完成的意义。分词在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可作定语、状语、表语、补语。(一)分词的句法功能1作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。分词作状语用法作时间状语相当于when, while, before等引导的时间状语从句。作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。作
2、结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果。作方式或伴随状语表示一个与谓语动作同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开。作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.这个句子被译成英语后，发现它有一个完全不同的语序。(作时间状语)Not knowing (Because he didnt know) how much longer he could last,
3、 Nicholas did the only thing he could he huddled in his cave and slept.因为不知道还能维持(生存)多久，尼古拉斯只能做一件事蜷缩在他的山洞里睡觉。(作原因状语)Used (If it is used) with care, one tin will last for six weeks.如果小心使用，一罐可以用六个星期。(作条件状语)More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place
4、 to another.中国已经建成更多的高速公路，这让人们的出行变得更容易。(作结果状语)2作表语表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分词；表示人或物的内心感受时，表语用过去分词。Please describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。Please describe a dog that is frightened.请描述一只惊恐的狗。3作定语(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being done和done。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用bein
5、g done；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用done。I have never seen a more moving film.我没看过比这个更令人感动的电影了。The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的房子是给老师的。The broken glass is Toms.这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。boiling water正沸腾的水boiled water开水4作宾语补足语(1)感官动词或短语see, wat
6、ch, observe, look at, listen to, notice及keep, find等词可跟分词作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。I saw him entering the bank. (him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系)我看见他正向银行里走。I saw him operated on. (him与operate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系)我看见(有人)给他做了手术。(2)have, get后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。They had the fire b
7、urning all night. (burn动作一直在进行)他们让火整夜烧着。I will have my bike repaired tomorrow. (让别人去修)明天我要让人修一下我的自行车。(二)现在分词的时态和语态形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生doingbeing done完成式先于谓语动词的动作完成having donehaving been doneHaving finished his homework, he went to bed.完成作业后，他上床睡觉了。The meeting being held now is of great imp
8、ortance. 现在正在开的会很重要。注意：现在分词作定语与动名词的区别。被修饰的名词与现在分词有逻辑上的主谓关系；动名词用来说明被修饰的名词的用途或类别。 a sleeping boy (=a boy who is sleeping) a sleeping bag(=a bag for sleeping)现在分词作表语与动名词的区别。动名词作表语说明主语的内容，可与主语进行互换；现在分词作表语表示主语的性质和特征，相当于形容词作表语。My job is teaching.= Teaching is my job.The routine work can be very frustratin
9、g.(三)独立主格结构独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，也可以作定语。1名词/代词(主格)非谓语动词Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的逻辑主语是weather而非we)明天如果天气允许，我们就进行比赛。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. (fix的逻辑主语是his eyes而非he)他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。Many tr
10、ees to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful. (plant的逻辑主语是many trees而非our newlybuilt school)种上许多的树后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。2名词/代词(主格)名词/形容词/副词/介词短语The students were having a discussion, their faces (being) red with excitement.学生们正在进行讨论，因为激动，他们的脸都红了。The boy came in, book in hand.男孩走进
11、来，手里拿着书。特别注意为使句子简洁、明快，独立主格结构中的冠词或代词也常省略。(四)with/without宾语(名词/代词)宾语补足语“with/without宾语宾语补足语”结构在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语。1“with/without名词/代词现在分词”中的现在分词表主动且进行，或表特征。The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park, with their pet dog following them.这对老夫妇经常晚饭后在公园散步，他们的宠物狗跟在后面。2“with/without名词/代词过去分词”中的过去分词表
12、被动且完成，或表状态。It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.真可惜，这位伟大的作家去世时，他的作品尚未完成。3“with/without名词/代词动词不定式”中的不定式表将来。With the exception of using a small microwave oven to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms.除了可以使用小型微波炉加热食物之外，学生们被禁止在他们的房间里做饭。4“with/without名
13、词/代词形容词/副词/名词/介词短语”中的形容词等表宾语的性质或状态。With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.产量提高了60%，公司又度过了辉煌的一年。单句语法填空/单句改错1(2018全国卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says t
14、he banks Juergen Voegele. 2(201811月浙江高考)Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem _ (call) caffeinism. You get very nervous and you cant sleep.3(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter _ (permit) to film a
15、 special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.4(2016全国卷)The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots，_ (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.5(2015全国卷)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arrang
16、es quick getaways here for people _ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.6(2018全国卷)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud._单句改错1In addition, communicate with our teachers and classmates is also a good way. 2Last evening he used it take his cousin out
17、 for ice cream._3He hopes create an environment for his students that is much more relaxing than the one he used to study in.4After that, I swore I must learn English well, especially spoken English, and never make that embarrassing thing happening again. 5Id like work for you because I care a lot a
18、bout presently affairs.6To her surprise, the poor old man was sitting on the floor with the palm of his hand bleed.7Arrived home, I almost forgot my tiredness. 8Yesterday morning I was determined to giving her a hand and do some washing.9Most high school students want to get into famous universities
19、 and they spend most of their time review lessons. 10Learning this news, I am really willing to travel with you and introducing Xian to you. 1. 解析：feedingwhen/while现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于when/while 引导的时间状语从句，同时名词China和动词feed之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故填feeding。2. 解析：calledproblem与call之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词called作定语。3. 解析：per
20、mitted因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。4. 解析：using第二句句中已有谓语cooked，且无其他连接词，use与主语People之间为主谓关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。5. 解析： living句中已有谓语动词arranges，故此处应考虑填非谓语动词。由于live与其所修饰的名词people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式。6. 解析：waitwaiting分析句子结构可知，was为谓语动词，主语Everyone与wait之间为主谓关系，故应用现在分词waiting作状语，表示伴随。1. communicatecommunicating2. take前加to3. hopes后加to4. happeninghappen5. like后加to6. bleedbleeding7. ArrivedArriving8. givinggive9. reviewreviewing10. introducingintroduce