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1、The Symbol Comparison between Hongniang and FeihongAbstract: Hongniang and Feihong are characters in The Romance of West Chamber and Jiaohong Ji. There are many similar features between them. They are all intelligent, good and honest, beautiful maids in clans, but have been against by their misses;
2、they try to perform their duties because of errantry. On the other hand, there are differences between them. Hongniang is ideal, while Feihong is real. The symbol of Feihong possessing human fascination incarnates arousal of humanity and consciousness of striving. The differences vitally interrelate
3、 with development of times and literature works.Key Words: Hongniang, Feihong, Comparison摘要：红娘和飞红分别是西厢记和娇红记的人物。她们之间有很多相似之处。她们在家中都是聪慧、性格好的女仆，且都是美丽的侍女，但都被她们的小姐百般为难；一副侠义心肠的她们，在小说尽职地扮演着红娘的角色。另一方面，她们之间存在着差异。红娘是理想化的，飞红是现实的表现。飞红的形象更具有人性的魅力，体现了人性的觉醒和精神的抗争。在她们的不同之处与时代的发展和艺术的作品息息相关。关键词：红娘，飞红，比较IntroductionThe
4、 Romance of West Chamber is the masterpiece of Wang Shifu in Yuan Dynasty. When readers are deeply under an obsession of the love story of Cui Yingying and Zhang Sheng, nobody can forget the beautiful maid Hongniang. The image of Hongniang is so popular that she has become a model. Her image has bee
5、n a substitute for those who like to serve the function of a go-between in males and females being in love, and to try her best to make arrangements for a wedding. This kind of maids image has affected the way that images of maids in later novels and plays are molded. Jiaohong Ji is the legendary pl
6、ay of Meng Chengshun in Ming Dynasty. Feihong is a character of this play, molded very successfully. She has a reflection of some ways of Hongniang, yet she has her own specific fascination, never more or less the same with Hongniang. She is a maid, independent personality, whose symbol possesses hu
7、man fascination, and incarnates the arousal of humanity and the consciousness of striving.The paper begins with an introduction to many similar features between Hongniang and Feihong and then moves on to some differences between Hongniang and Feihong. Afterwards it focuses on the causes of differenc
8、es between Hongniang and Feihong. Finally, the paper will make a conclusion. It is hoped that the present paper will help readers get a better understanding of The Romance of West Chamber and Jiaohong Ji and know why the two characters are needed in two works推荐精选.1. Many similar features between Hon
9、gniang and Feihong.1.1 Beautiful Maids in clansHongniang and Feihong are maids in their clans. On one hand, they had to serve their goodwives; on the other hand, they always accompanied their Mademoiselles. Furthermore, they are very beautiful. Zhang Sheng highly praised Hongniang when meeting her;
10、especially he treated Hongniang as Cui Yingying, being on west chamber. In Jiaohong Ji, Feihong seems to be pretty. Even she could compose poems very good, who was erroneously thought as a Mademoiselle by Shen Chun. 1.2 Characteristics of intelligence, goodness; being against by their young masters
11、of femalesHongniang and Feihong are quite of intelligence, being able to find out their Mademoiselles doing and saying insincerely. They are good, but against by their Mademoiselles. Hongniang evaluated Yingying, “I am afraid that my miss often does and says insincerely.”, “She never talked about Zh
12、ang Sheng before persons, but always missed him alone.” (Wang, 1978: 76) However, she suffered for her being short of words, which results in she could not understand meaning of Yingyings letters. She became the blue bird sincerely, yet she was kept in the dark in the end. It is not a unique instanc
13、e, but has its counterpart. Feihong had “the parity of treatment” on the side of her Miss Jiaoniang. “My miss are annoyed, for I guessed your thoughts.” “Since I have partly understood the matter on your mind, you need not cover up what you have done.” (Meng, 1988: 55) She was lonelier than Hongnian
14、g. Moreover, even she could not pass on the letters from Jiaoniang to Shen Chun.1.3 Trying to perform their duties of matchmakers because of errantryIn the Romance of West Chamber, the function of Hongniang is obvious. She always cared about her Misss happiness from the start to the end. Especially
15、Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying making “the appointments of getting marriage”, she encouraged her Miss to be in pursuit of true love with Zhang Sheng. Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingyings dating successfully should be owed to her trying to bring together Zhang and Yingying. The most important thing is that sh
16、e saved their marriage which is on the verge of destruction as well. In Jiaohong Ji, the function of Feihong may not be obvious. What is called that “the success or failure of the affair is all due to Xiao He.” She not only enhanced the development of Wang Jiaoniang and Shen Chun love, but also bloc
17、ked the process of them. In Jiaohong Ji, Jiaoniang and poems were contributed to Feihong, “Shen was making poems, so you can do it as well.” 推荐精选(Meng, 1988: 101) She had been determined to help them, yet there was no chance for her previously. It can be said that she helped to bring about love betw
18、een Jiaoniang and Shen and opportunity of further development of their love after making poems. Her assist was tiny, but very suitable. She put herself in her Misss place so as to take everything into consideration, which made Jiaoniang deeply understand “only Feihong comprehend completely.” she als
19、o sincerely experienced Shen Chuns feelings. Feihong is real and zealous, and what she did is from the bottom of her heart. Her loyalty can imply from “Why did you abandon my Miss, Shen Sheng?” 2. Differences between Hongniang and Feihong2.1 Actual situationHongniang is just a maid. She had to serve
20、 the wife of the prime minister of former dynasty, only having a daughter and her husband had been dead, which led to disciplines in their family very strict; whereas, in a distinct situation, Feihong was a maid (sometimes she would have sex with her master) of her master of an official family, more
21、 or less half a master in family. Therefore, the situation of Feihong was better than that of Hongniang, mental slavery of Feihong less than that of Hongniang.2.2 Distinct characteristicsHongniang is a “good model” of maids: she had to serve the wife of the former prime minister and her daughter. Ev
22、en if the wife went against her words and obligations, she bravely encouraged her Miss to be together with Zhang Sheng. Hongniang herself nevertheless did not have a specific sense of love and marriage, an improper desire, or beyond her obligations. Meanwhile, she did not realize her own inequality
23、of social class: she was accustomed to bearing oppression given by noble class.Feihong is not so law-abiding. Should Hongniang be compared to Zijuan, Feihong would be compared to Qingwen. (Zijuan and Qingwen are all maids in A Dream of Red Mansions) Feihongs characteristic is equal to Qingwens, like
24、 the consciousness of striving and perseverance. “Her heart is loftier than the sky, but her social status is very low-down.”, the judgment of Qingwen, as is used to suit Feihong appropriately. Feihong had confidence in her own appearance and brilliance; she felt unfair, remorseful and angry for bei
25、ng a maid. The realization of true love can be found out in this little maid. And she never hid her emotions before her Miss, for instance, she said to Jiaoniang, “I suppose Shen Chun is quite handsome and smart. If I meet him, I will be in love with his as well, even though Miss loved him.” (Meng,
26、1988: 102) As a low-status maid, Feihong was extremely daring to covet Misss lover. With time going by, Jiaoniang 推荐精选envied Feihong, and quarreled with her, then causing a struggle between a maid and a noble Mademoiselle.2.3 Reasons for help for their young female mastersBecause of her errantry, sh
27、e could not support her masters treachery: “Everyone has faith and practice, everyone loyalty.” (Wang, 1978: 49) However, Feihong wished her miss and Shen Chun would be together with each other, with her arousal of youth. So she put her love on her miss. As a matter of fact, the love between Jiaonia
28、ng and Shen Chun ended with tragedy, which made her feel disappointed: “I am more beautiful than the other peopleBut the story of miss suggest that I lay down very much.” (Meng, 1988: 81) From this, it indicates that by means of realizing her misss, she would make her own dream come true.Generally s
29、peaking, Hongniang is an ideal person in imagination. She reached a circumstance of slipping from her memory while being busy with assisting Cui Yingying and Zhang Sheng. Nevertheless, Feihong is the one who lives in reality. It is Feihong who does and says anything she wants, and never covers up. T
30、hat the symbol of Feihong possesses human fascination incarnates the arousal of humanity and the consciousness of striving.3. Causations-differences between them3.1 Times The Romance of West Chamber was finished by Wang Shifu in the Year Da De of Yuan Cheng Zong. Although the country was relatively
31、stable, in the charge of Yuan, marriage was still controlled by parents. On one hand, governors of Yuan Dynasty inherited feudal code of ethics which was beneficial to dominating people and imprisoning their thoughts. On the other hand, governors “getting the nation on the horses” attach importance
32、to officials and set Confucianism at naught, resulting in scholars in a low class. They were so humble that they had chances to get along with toilers and to listen for their voices. Abolishing imperial official system in the long term forced them to enthusiastically devote themselves to writing. Wa
33、ng Shifu concentrating his emotions in his plays, the love between Cui and Zhang reflected peoples feelings at that time. However, they struggled to disciples very lately. If the third one helped them, young persons could realize free combination in love and marriage. Hence, Hongniang appeared. The
34、function of Hongniang was vital for Cui and Zhang to realize their dreams. Her appearance was call of people and the requirements of the times. Jiaohong Ji was finished by Meng Chengshun at the late year of Ming Dynasty. At the late half Ming Dynasty, commodity economy of city had been developing ex
35、tremely rapidly; social strata of residents also had been increasingly growing. With the gradual disintegration of traditional values, the 推荐精选new ideas, like Wang Yangming School, arose. Vigorous “Later Ming Ideas” impacted strata orders and concepts of superiority and inferiority. The early variou
36、s personal concepts negated by Thinkers of School of principle in Song and Ming Dynasties was now reflection of normal human beings instinct. Until the late Ming Dynasty, society has been dark and rotten, and the people lived in destitution. The more cruelly the dying governors oppressed, the more v
37、iolently people strived. Feihong had the distinction of those times. She owned feelings, dreams of true love, etc. She had realized her unfair social stratum, and hoped that she could change the aspect of being a maid. Similarly, Feihong was a common person, not a great man like Hongniang. In Jiaoho
38、ng Ji, Feihong tried her best to let them be together, whereas Wang Jiaoniang and Shen Chun still died for their love. The pattern of standing out, wedding night broken down, and parents in feudal society no longer controlled marriage of their sons and daughters. In this play, the original ways that
39、 emerged a large number of love tragedies precisely conveyed from criticizing despising the poor and currying favor with the rich in plays of gifted scholars and beautiful ladies to sharp pounding to feudal privileges. Under the background of an era of progress, she returned to reality by turning of
40、f ideal overcoat.3.2 Development of respective worksThe love story of Yingying and Zhang Sheng in The Romance of West Chamber originated from the early Yingying Legend written by Yuan Shen in Tang Dynasty. In this legend, though Hongniang was not described in detail, it had been the most important f
41、unction. Until Xixiang Ji Zhugong Diao written by Dong Xieyuan in Jin Dynasty, there was more the description, and she had been enthusiastic, of errantry, smart and brave. On the basis of their predecessors, Hongniang in The Romance of West Chamber was molded most successfully: the symbol of charact
42、er is plentiful, characteristic outstanding, the change of psychology natural. The story in Jiaohong Ji was true in the Xuan He Year in Bei Song. The first one to edit it to a literature novel, Jiaohong Legend, was Song Meidong in Yuan Dynasty, including plot arrangement which was “ mixing everyone”
43、 at first, followed by leaving any to itself. Since then, many dramatists wrote plays from this novel. Shen Shouxian rewrote Jiaohong Legend to a play in Ming Dynasty. It is a pity that Jiaoniang envying Feihong, Feihong calumniating Jiaoniangsuch sentences were not described. The image of Feihong w
44、ritten by Meng Chengshun arose: characteristic was more outstanding, modality richer, presenting splendor and shine of era. In different original stories, Hongniang and Feihong had different characteristics, and then respective stories were arranged in different plotting ways. With the images of per
45、sons being 推荐精选ceaselessly richer, the differences between them were more distinct. So were those of ideal and reality. ConclusionThese two books are classical style of writing, so it is hard to read and understand. Based on the studies and analyses mentioned above, Hongniang and Feihongs chara
46、cteristics are very easy to understand, when reading The Romance of West Chamber and Jiaohong Ji. Ideal of Hongniang and reality of Feihong are the symbolism in these two works. Two characters are the key point, playing an important role in plays. Anyway, Hongniang is ideal, while Feihong is the one
47、 who lives in reality. That the symbol of Feihong possesses human fascination incarnates the arousal of humanity and the consciousness of striving. Then exploring two books can be pleasant. ReferencesBrace, Nicky, and Helen Westcott ed. Applying Psychology. Milton Keynes: The Open University, 2002.M
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